A. C. Bradley

This article is about the English literary scholar. For the American screenwriter, see A. C. Bradley (screenwriter).
A. C. Bradley
FBA
Bradley in 1891
Born
Andrew Cecil Bradley

(1851-03-26)26 March 1851
Clapham, London, England
Died2 September 1935(1935-09-02) (aged 84)
Kensington, London, England
EducationBalliol College, Oxford
Parents
FamilyGeorge Granville Bradley (brother)
Francis Herbert Bradley (brother)

Andrew Cecil Bradley, FBA (26 March 1851 – 2 September 1935) was an English literary scholar,[1] best remembered for his work on Shakespeare.

Life

Bradley was born at Park Hill, Clapham, then in Surrey but now part of London. He was the son of Charles Bradley (1789–1871), vicar of Glasbury, the youngest of nine children by his second wife Emma Linton;[2] the philosopher Francis Herbert Bradley (1846–1924), was the fifth child.[3][4]

Bradley studied at Balliol College, Oxford. He obtained a Balliol Fellowship in 1874 and lectured first in English and subsequently in philosophy until 1881. He then took a permanent position at the University of Liverpool where he lectured on literature. In 1889 he moved to Glasgow as Regius Professor. In 1901 he was elected to the Oxford professorship of poetry. During his five years in this post he produced Shakespearean Tragedy (1904) and Oxford Lectures on Poetry (1909). He was later made an honorary fellow of Balliol and was awarded honorary doctorates from Liverpool, Glasgow, Edinburgh (1899), and Durham, and was offered (but declined) the King Edward VII chair at Cambridge. Bradley never married; he lived in London with his sister and died at 6 Holland Park Road, Kensington, London, on 2 September 1935.[4] His will established a research fellowship for young scholars of English Letters.[5]

Work

The outcome of his five years as professor of poetry at the University of Oxford were Bradley's two major works, Shakespearean Tragedy (1904), and Oxford Lectures on Poetry (1909). All his published work was originally delivered in the form of lectures. Bradley's pedagogical manner and his self-confidence made him a real guide for many students to the meaning of Shakespeare. His influence on Shakespearean criticism was so great that the following poem by Guy Boas, "Lays of Learning", appeared in 1926:

I dreamt last night that Shakespeare’s Ghost
Sat for a civil service post.
The English paper for that year
Had several questions on King Lear
Which Shakespeare answered very badly
Because he hadn’t read his Bradley.
(Hawkes 1986 as cited in Taylor 2001: 46)[6]

Though Bradley has sometimes been criticised for writing of Shakespeare's characters as though they were real people, his book is probably the most influential single work of Shakespearean criticism ever published.[7]

Reputation

Shakespearean Tragedy has been reprinted more than two dozen times and is itself the subject of a scholarly book, Katherine Cooke's A. C. Bradley and His Influence in Twentieth-Century Shakespeare Criticism.[8] By the mid-twentieth century his approach became discredited for many scholars; often it is said to contain anachronistic errors and attempts to apply late 19th century novelistic conceptions of morality and psychology to early 17th century society. Kenneth Burke's 1951 article "Othello: An Essay to Illustrate a Method"[9] counters a Bradleyan reading of character, as L. C. Knights had earlier done with his 1933 essay "How Many Children Had Lady Macbeth?" (John Britton has pointed out that this was never a question actually posed by Bradley, and apparently was made up by F. R. Leavis as a mockery of "current irrelevancies in Shakespeare criticism."[10]) Since the 1970s, the prevalence of poststructuralist methods of criticism resulted in students turning away from his work, although a number of scholars have recently returned to considering "character" as a historical category of evaluation (for instance, Michael Bristol). Harold Bloom paid tribute to Bradley's place in the tradition of critical writing on Shakespeare: "This [Bloom's] book – Shakespeare: the Invention of the Human – is a latecomer work, written in the wake of the Shakespeare critics I most admire: Johnson, Hazlitt, Bradley."[11]

Bradley delivered the 1907–1908 Gifford Lecture at the University of Glasgow, entitled "Ideals of Religion".[12] He also delivered the 1909 Adamson Lecture[13] of the Victoria University of Manchester and the 1912 Shakespeare Lecture of the British Academy.[14] Bradley's other works include "Aristotle's Conception of the State" in Hellenica (ed. Evelyn Abbott, London : Longmans, Green, 1st ed. 1880, 2nd ed., 1898), Poetry for Poetry's Sake (1901), A Commentary on Tennyson's in Memoriam (1901), and A Miscellany (1929).

See also

References

  1. ^ "Bradley, Andrew Cecil". Who's Who. 59: 202. 1907.
  2. ^ DiPietro, Cary, ed. (2011). Bradley, Greg, Folger. Great Shakespeareans, Volume IX. New York: Continuum. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-8264-4611-4. (See W. W. Greg and Henry Clay Folger.)
  3. ^ DiPietro 2011, p. 14.
  4. ^ a b Hunter, G. K. "Bradley, Andrew Cecil (1851–1935), literary scholar". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32027. (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.)
  5. ^ Hancock, Brannon. "Andrew Cecil Bradley". Gifford Lectures. Archived from the original on 14 August 2010.
  6. ^ Taylor, Michael (5 April 2001). Shakespeare Criticism in the Twentieth Century. Oxford University Press. p. 40. ISBN 9780198711841.
  7. ^ Gauntlett, Mark (1994). "The Perishable Body of the Unpoetic: A. C. Bradley Performs Othello". In Wells, Stanley (ed.). Shakespeare Survey Volume 47: Playing Places for Shakespeare. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-47084-6.
  8. ^ Cooke, Katherine (1972). A. C. Bradley and His Influence in Twentieth-Century Shakespeare Criticism. Oxford: Clarendon. ISBN 9780198120247.
  9. ^ Burke, Kenneth (2007). Newstok, Scott L. (ed.). Kenneth Burke on Shakespeare. Parlor Press. ISBN 978-1-60235-002-1.
  10. ^ Britton, John (Summer 1961). "A. C. Bradley and those Children of Lady Macbeth". Shakespeare Quarterly. 12 (3): 349–351. doi:10.2307/2867083.
  11. ^ Bloom, Harold (1999). Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human. New York: Riverhead Books. p. 717. ISBN 978-1-57322-751-3.
  12. ^ Harvey, John W. (1941). "Review of Ideals of Religion by A. C. Bradley (Gifford Lectures, 1907)". Philosophy. 16 (61): 84–85. doi:10.1017/S0031819100001960. ISSN 0031-8191. S2CID 170479982.
  13. ^ Bradley, A. C. (1909). English Poetry and German Philosophy in the Age of Wordsworth. The Adamson Lecture, 1909. Manchester: University Press.
  14. ^ Bradley, A. C. (1976). "Coriolanus". Proceedings of the British Academy, 1911–1912. 5: 457–473. Second Annual Shakespeare Lecture of the British Academy (1912).

Sources

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