Battle of Jiksan

Battle of Jiksan
Part of the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)
Date16 October 1597[1]
Location
The area around Jiksan (modern-day city of Cheonan)
36°49′N 127°10′E / 36.82°N 127.17°E / 36.82; 127.17
Result Ming victory
Belligerents
Japanese army Ming army
Commanders and leaders
Kuroda Nagamasa
Mori Hidemoto
Shishido Mototsugu		 Ma Gui
Niu Boying
Jie Sheng
Strength
30,000[2][3] 6,000 infantry[4]
2,000 cavalry[5]
Casualties and losses
600[4] 85+[3]
Battle of Jiksan is located in South Korea
Battle of Jiksan
Location within South Korea
Battle of Jiksan is located in Korea
Battle of Jiksan
Battle of Jiksan (Korea)

The Battle of Jiksan (직산 전투) was a military conflict fought between Ming and Japanese forces on 16 October 1597. It resulted in withdrawal by both sides. However the battle marked the furthest point the Japanese ever got to reaching Hanseong during the Second Invasion.[5]

Background

Ma Gui led Niu Boying and Jie Sheng to Jiksan, modern Cheonan, and laid an ambush there for the Japanese army.[6]

Battle

On 16 October 1597, Kuroda Nagamasa's force of 5,000 arrived at Jiksan, where 6,000 Ming soldiers were stationed. Kuroda's forces charged the enemies and was soon joined by the rest of the army, bringing Japanese forces to 30,000. Although heavily outnumbering the Ming, the Japanese were unable to do much damage due to the Ming's superior armor. According to Kuroda and Mōri Hidemoto, their firearms could not penetrate the iron shields used by Chinese soldiers, and their armor was at least partially bulletproof.[4] The battle continued until dusk when the two sides withdrew.[4][5][3]

Kuroda launched another attack at night, this time in a pronged sweeping crane formation that sought to crush the enemies between them. The attack failed and turned into a rout that was joined by 2,000 Ming cavalry.[5]

Aftermath and implication

Most Western, Korean, and Chinese sources claim the Ming won and the Japanese lost this battle.[7][8][9][10][11]

Japanese sources are more mixed on the battle's outcome. Some state that it was inconclusive, a Japanese defeat, or a Ming defeat.[12][13][14][15][16] One source claims that the Japanese did not advance north due to the upcoming winter and shortages of food.[14][17] Another source adds that there were rumors that Kuroda Nagamasa's forces suffered heavy casualties.[18][19]

Jiksan was the furthest the Japanese ever got towards reaching Hanseong (Seoul) during the second invasion. Although they were forced to withdraw at Jiksan, it was not a major loss, and resulted in an orderly retreat south by the Japanese.[5]

References

  1. ^ Swope 2009, p. 247.
  2. ^ "黒田長政　くろだ ながまさ".
  3. ^ a b c "A critique of Samuel Hawley's the Imjin War: Japan's Sixteenth-Century Invasion of Korea and Attempt to Conquer China — Part 2: The second invasion | Great Ming Military". 16 August 2019.
  4. ^ a b c d Swope 2009, p. 248.
  5. ^ a b c d e Hawley 2005, p. 467.
  6. ^ Swope 2009, p. 246.
  7. ^ Nolan, Cathal J. (2006). The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000-1650 An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization [2 Volumes] · Volumes 1-2. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 512. ISBN 9780313086748. Retrieved 30 November 2025. The Japanese were beaten in a major battle fought at Chiksan, south of Seoul, in late 1597. Their northward advance was halted.
  8. ^ Haggard, Stephan; Kang, David C., eds. (2020). East Asia in the World Twelve Events That Shaped the Modern International Order. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108479875. Retrieved 30 November 2025. The Ming commander Yang Hao sent several divisions south to intercept the Japanese and they turned back in a fierce battle near the town of Chiksan, where the Ming units featured the use of bulletproof armor that stymied Japanese arquebuses. This allied victory stemmed the Japanese advance and they retreated to their fortified bastions along the coasts.
  9. ^ Shin, Michael D., ed. (2014). Korean History in Maps From Prehistory to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107098466. Retrieved 30 November 2025. [At the Battle of Jiksan] Ming's defeat of Japanese forces halts their northward advance.
  10. ^ 이봉수 (2004). 이 순신 이 싸운 바다 閑麗水道. 새로운 사람들. p. 247. ISBN 9788981202675. Retrieved 30 November 2025.
  11. ^ 軍史 Volumes 51-53 (in Korean). 國防部戰史編纂委員會. p. 161. Retrieved 30 November 2025.
  12. ^ 笠谷和比古 (2000). 関ヶ原合戦と近世の国制 (in Japanese). 笠谷和比古. p. 24. ISBN 9784784210671. Retrieved 30 November 2025.
  13. ^ Pyo Jeong-hun; Park Ki-hyun (2006). HD 역사 스페 (in Korean). Hyohyung Publishing. pp. 90–91. Retrieved 30 November 2025.
  14. ^ a b 太田秀春 (2006). 朝鮮の役と日朝城郭史の研究 異文化の遭遇・受容・変容 (in Japanese). 清文堂出版. p. 195. ISBN 9784792406158. Retrieved 30 November 2025.
  15. ^ 笠谷和比古 (2000). 関ヶ原合戦と近世の国制 (in Japanese). 思文閣出版. p. 24. ISBN 9784784210671. Retrieved 30 November 2025.
  16. ^ Yi Sun-sin; Kitajima Manji. 乱中日記 1 壬辰倭乱の記録 (in Japanese). 平凡社. Retrieved 30 November 2025.
  17. ^ Sato, Giryō; Sato, Yoshiaki (1933). 日本精神講座 Volume 6. 新潮社. p. 66. Retrieved 30 November 2025.
  18. ^ 北島万次 (2007). 加藤清正 朝鮮侵略の実像 (in Japanese). 吉川弘文館. p. 168. ISBN 9784642056304. Retrieved 30 November 2025.
  19. ^ Kodama Kota; Okubo Toshiaki (1973). 論集日本歴史: 織豊政権 (in Japanese). 有精堂. p. 327. Retrieved 30 November 2025.

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