Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict

Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict
Part of the spillover of the Yemeni Civil War and the Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen

Current political and military control in ongoing Yemeni Civil War (2014–present) and Yemen
  Republic of Yemen (internationally recognized), Yemeni Armed Forces and GPC allies
  Houthi movement
  Local, non-aligned forces
(For a map of the military situation in Yemen and border areas in Saudi Arabia, see the detailed map here.)
Date2 April 2015[14] – present
(10 years, 10 months and 2 weeks)
Location
Yemen and Saudi Arabia
Status

Ongoing, military stalemate[15]

Territorial
changes		 Saudi-led coalition and Hadi loyalists control eastern Marib Governorate as well as parts of northern and southern Yemeni Governorates of Saada, Al-Jawf, Hajjah, Al Hudaydah, and Taiz Governorate (see also a detailed map)
Belligerents

Saudi Arabia

Supported by:
Ba'athist Iraq Naqshbandi Army[1]
Yemen
(Government of Yemen)[2]

Jordan[5]
Qatar (2015–2017)
Sudan[6] (2015–2019)[7]

Yemen Houthi Yemen
(Supreme Political Council)

Allegedly supported by:
Iran (weapons)[8]
North Korea (military)[9][10][11][12][13]
Commanders and leaders
Gen. Awad Al-Balawi
(Director General of Saudi Border Guard)
Lt. Gen Muhammad Al Shaalan  †[20]
(Commander of the Royal Saudi Air Force
Brig. Gen Ibrahim Hamzi †[21]
(Deputy Cmdr. 8th Armoured Brigade)
Maj. Gen. Abdulrahman al-Shahrani †
(Commander of 18th Brigade)[22]
Saudi Arabia Col. Hassan Ageeli †[23]
Saudi Arabia Lt. Col. Abdullah al-Balwi †[24]		 Abdul-Malik al-Houthi
Abu Bakr Abu Ahmed as-Salami
Brig. Gen. Hasan Almalsi † (Commander of Houthi special forces)[25]
Abdullah al-Fadeea †
(Houthi frontline deputy general supervisor)[26]
Casualties and losses
Thousands of Yemeni civilians killed and wounded, 500+ Saudi civilians killed[27][28]

The Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict is an ongoing armed conflict between the Armed Forces of Saudi Arabia and Iran-backed Yemeni Houthi forces in the Arabian Peninsula, including the southern Saudi regions of Asir, Jizan, and Najran, and northern Yemeni governorates of Saada, Al Jawf, and Hajjah, since the onset of the Saudi-led intervention in Yemen in 2015.

Background

Further information: Houthi insurgency in Yemen

In their 2004 conflict against the government of Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh, the Houthis accused Saudi Arabia of pressuring Saleh to crack down on their community, and of funding him with 25 billion USD. This accusation was denied by Saleh, and was not acknowledged by Saudi Arabia. The Houthis and pro-Houthi Yemeni army units first deployed teams equipped with anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs) to take out specific vehicles or bunkers. BM-21s and BM-27s would then target military bases and lay landmines along routes connecting with the Saudi Arabia–Yemen border. Meanwhile, pro-Houthi special forces would assault the border outposts, while motorcycle mounted teams armed with RPG-7s and US-made M47 Dragons infiltrated the Saudi rear. Columns of Saudi Arabian Army (RSLF) forces drive into unknown minefields and ambush places not directly hit by the fighting. Some raiding parties deployed into Saudi Arabia were armed with portable air defence systems (MANPADS), as well as M167 Vulcan towed anti-aircraft cannons. In the first year of the war, they damaged numerous attack helicopters of the RSLF and the Royal Saudi Navy Forces (RSNF), forcing their crews to keep their distance.[29]

Conflict

2015

As a result of the Saudi-led intervention in Yemen, the Houthis shelled the Saudi city of Najran on 5 May 2015. The Saudi authorities temporarily closed local schools, and the Najran Regional Airport.[30]

2016

Saudi Arabia stated on 25 July 2016 that clashes resulted in the deaths of five Saudi border guards.[31]

Regular clashes resumed on 11 August, after a one-year ceasefire between the Saudis and Houthis at the Saudi–Yemeni border expired. The Houthis gained entrance into Najran city.[32] On 16 August, Houthi shelling killed seven civilians in an industrial zone in Najran.[33] On the 26th, a power station near the border was hit by a Houthi rocket. A 3-year-old boy was killed by subsequent debris, and his 9-year-old brother was injured.[34] On the 28th, Saudi officials stated that a rocket fired from Yemen hit a family's home in Saudi Arabia, killing two children and wounding five others.[35]

On 12 September, Saudi Arabia stated that a Houthi mortar killed three Saudi soldiers and wounded two in Najran Province, and also that there had been over five hundred Houthi casualties since the start of the conflict in the province.[36] On 24 September, Houthi Major-General Hassan Almalsi was killed while his squad was attempting to infiltrate into Najran Province.[37]

On 12 October, Salafist fighters, including Salafist leader Bassam al-Mehbar, took control of al-Buqa' border crossing in Yemen's Saada Province, with the help of Saudi air support.[38] On the 13th, a Saudi spy drone was shot down by Houthis over Al-Qawiya military base in Jizan. On the same day, a Saudi military vehicle came under fire from Houthis, and a Saudi soldier was killed by Houthi snipers in the Al-Rabiah area of Jizan.[39]

On 1 November, the Houthis claimed to have shot down a drone flying over the Ailab area in Asir province with an anti-aircraft missile. This was the fourth time in two months that the Houthis had shot down a Saudi aircraft.[40]

On 15 November, Saudi Arabia claimed the RSADF intercepted a missile targeting Najran.[41] On the 19th, Saudi Arabia claimed a Saudi soldier was killed by a missile fired by the Houthis across the border into Asir Province.[42] On the 22nd, according to a Civil Defense Directorate spokesman, one Yemeni citizen was killed and seven other expatriates were injured when projectiles fired from Yemen hit a shopping center in Najran.[43]

On 8 December, a Saudi border guard was killed by a landmine near Jazan Province's Yemeni border.[44] On 21 December, 25 Houthis were killed by a coalition airstrike in Najran Province.[45] On the 22nd, Saudi forces carried out a night-time military operation in Jazan and Najran Provinces, killing thirty Houthis.[46]

2017

Saudi Arabia stated that at a border guards' post in Najran Province on 14 January 2017, a Saudi corporal was killed as a result of shelling and other intensive fire.[47]

On 13 February, Saudi state media claimed at least seven Saudi soldiers had been killed in the past week while fighting the Houthis.[48] On 24 February, a Jordanian F-16 warplane crashed in Najran Province, reportedly due to a technical error. The pilot survived.[49]

On 23 March, Houthi media claimed several Saudi soldiers were killed by Houthi missiles. According to Yemeni state media, the struck military sites were in Najran, Jazan, and Asir Provinces. However, Saudi Arabia announced the death of just one soldier on a border post in south Dhahran.[50]

On 16 April, Saudi Arabia claimed one Saudi border guard was killed and three others injured in a mine explosion in Jazan Province.[51] On 27 April, Saudi Interior Ministry stated that two soldiers were killed in Al-Rdhaa Sector, Jazan Province, as a result of land mine explosion and projectiles from Yemen.[52]

On 11 May, Houthis captured a Saudi military base in Raboah, Asir Province, killing and wounding several Saudi soldiers.[53] On 28 May, three Saudi personnel were ambushed by Houthis fighters, including a high-ranking officer at Asir.[54]

On 5 November, the Houthi missile was launched the Saudi capital of Riyadh, which garnered worldwide media attention. According to a Houthi spokesperson, the missile hit its target, King Khalid International Airport, while Saudi Arabia claimed that it intercepted the missile before it got there.[55]

2018

On 11 and 12 January 2018, the Houthis fired missiles at Najran; Saudi Arabia claimed to have intercepted them.[56][57]

On 11 and 14 February, Houthi fighters fought the Saudi Armed Forces near Najran city. The Houthis were repelled, with Saudi Arabia claiming to have killed more than twenty of them.[58]

On 26 March, Houthis fired seven missiles towards the Saudi capital of Riyadh, all of which were intercepted by Saudi systems. One person was killed, and two were wounded.[59][60]

2019

On 14 May 2019, a Houthi attack drone struck the Saudi East–West Crude Oil Pipeline. This temporarily shut down the pipeline, and it was reopened later.[61][62]

On 23 June, the Houthis carried out a drone attack on Abha International Airport, killing one person and wounding 21.[63]

On 17 August, the Houthis attacked an oil and gas field in Shaybah, Saudi Arabia.[64]

On 14 September, the Houthis claimed responsibility for the Abqaiq and Khurais drone attacks, which caused massive damage to Saudi oil facilities.[65] On 28 September, a Houthi official stated that three Saudi-led brigades, alongside KSA forces, were besieged and defeated in a 72-hour battle south of Najran. The Houthis claimed the brigades were preparing for a major attack against the Houthis in retaliation to the attack on Abqaiq and Khurais oil facilities, but were entrapped by the Houthis. The Saudis then allegedly conducted airstrikes targeting the Saudi captives but the spokesman assured the families of the captives that they were able to hide and protect them from the Saudi airstrikes.[66] Catherine Shakdam from the Next Century Foundation said that there is no reason to doubt the Houthi statement,[67] yet the Houthis' claims could not be corroborated.[68][69] Saudi Arabia neither confirmed nor denied the attack.[70]

2020

On 23 June 2020, the Houthis launched a drone and missile attack targeting the King Khalid Airport and the Saudi Defense Ministry headquarters in Riyadh.[71]

On 10 September, the Houthis claimed that they attacked an "important target" in Riyadh using a missile and drones.[72]

On 23 November, a Houthi missile attacked an oil tank at Oil Co. facility in Jeddah, causing a fire.[73] On 25 November, Saudi-led coalition claimed to have destroyed a suicide boat that damaged a nearby ship.[74]

On 9 December, the coalition intercepted a Houthi attack drone launched towards Saudi Arabia.[75]

2021

On 15 January 2021, the coalition intercepted three Houthi attack drones launched from Al Hudaydah.[76] On the 23rd, the coalition intercepted a missile, allegedly launched by the Houthis, over Riyadh.[77][78]

On 15 February, the Houthis stated that their drones had struck Abha Airport and King Abdulaziz Airport, and that this briefly halted operations at the airports. The coalition said it intercepted Houthi drones launched towards Saudi Arabia, but did not confirm the attacks.[79] On 27 February, Saudi Arabia intercept a missile and drones over Riyadh, likely launched by Houthis.[80]

On 5 March, the coalition intercepted six Houthi drones targeting the city of Khamis Mushait in southern Saudi Arabia.[81] On 7 March, a drone strike had been intercepted that targeted an oil storage yard at Ras Tanura.[82] On the 19th, another drone strike hit Riyadh's oil refinery, which caused a fire that was soon put out.[83] The Houthis stated that they launched six drones at a Saudi Aramco facility.[84] On the 21st, the RSADF intercepted Houthi attack drones over Khamis Mushait.[85] The RSAF launched retaliatory air strikes against Houthis in the city of Sana'a, hitting Sana'a International Airport. Houthi military camps and military manufacturing sites outside Sana'a were also hit.[86][87] On the 23rd, the RSAF launched air strikes on Houthi military targets in Sana'a city and the port of Salif on the Red Sea coast.[88][89] On the 26th, Houthi forces launched rocket and drone attacks across Saudi Arabia, causing fires at an Aramco distribution facility in Jizan. No casualties were reported.[90] The RSADF intercepted eight Houthi attack drones at launched Khamis Mushait, Najran city, and Jizan.[91] Later that day, Saudi Arabia intercepted a missile over Najran.[92] On the 28th, the coalition intercepted three Houth attack drones over Khamis Mushait, and two explosive-laden boats launched from the Red Sea port of Hodeidah.[93]

On 2 April, the coalition intercepted two Houthi attack drones fired toward Khamis Mushait.[94] On 3 April, the coalition destroyed a Houthi attack boat in Salif.[95] On the 12th, the coalition stated that it intercepted six Houthi drones and one Houthi missile over Jizan.[96] On the 15th, the RSADF intercepted five Houthi missiles and four Houthi drones over Jizan; this scattered debris on Jizan University's campus, which caused a fire. No casualties were reported.[97][98] On the 25th, the coalition intercepted a Houthi attack drone launched towards southern Saudi Arabia.[99]

On 2 May, the RSADF intercepted a Houthi attack drone launched towards Saudi Arabia.[100] On 3 May, the RSADF intercepted multiple Houthi attack drones and one Houthi missile launched towards Najran city.[101] On the 13th, Saudi air defenses intercepted and destroyed eight attack drones and three missiles targeting Saudi Arabia.[102] On the 26th, Saudi Arabia stated that several Houthi missiles landed in Jazan Province. No casualties were reported.[103] On the 28th, the coalition stated that they intercepted a Houthi attack drone targeting southern Saudi Arabia.[104]

On 10 June, the RSADF intercepted a Houthi attack drone launched towards Khamis Mushait.[105] On 13 June, Saudi Press Agency reported a Houthi drone attack on a school in Asir Province. No injuries were reported.[106] The attack sparked international condemnations from the U.S.,[107][108] Egypt,[109] Arab gulf countries,[110] the Arab parliament,[111] and the OIC.[112] On the 14th, the RSADF intercepted another Houthi attack drone targeting Khamis Mushait.[113] On the 19th, the coalition said it intercepted seven Houthi attack drones launched towards southern Saudi Arabia.[114] Later that day, it reported its interception of another ten drones.[115] On the 20th, it intercepted another drone launched towards southern Saudi Arabia.[116]

On 31 August, the Houthis launched a drone attack on Abha International Airport. Saudi Arabia claimed the attack wounded eight civilians, and damaged one civilian aircraft.[117]

On 1 September, the coalition said it had intercepted three attack drones over Yemen.[118] On 4 September, the coalition said it intercepted and destroyed three Houthi attack drones launched towards Saudi Arabia.[119][120] On the 22nd, the coalition destroyed two explosive-laden boats in the coasts of Hodeidah before being launched to the sea.[121][122] On the 23rd, the coalition said it intercepted three Houthi attack drones heading towards Saudi Arabia, and a Houthi missile that was specifically targeting Jazan Province.[123]

On 6 October, the coalition said it destroyed three boats in Hodeidah that had been readied for attacks.[124][125] On 7 October, the coalition intercepted an attack drone targeting Abha International Airport. The coalition said "the drone's debris scattered, four workers at the airport were slightly injured, and the glass of some facades was shattered". Later on, the coalition said it destroyed the drone's launching site in the Yemeni province of Saada. Saudi state TV reported that navigation traffic in the airport is normal after it was halted temporarily.[126] On the 9th, Houthi forces launched two attack drones on King Abdullah Airport in Jizan. Ten were wounded, and airport and civilian property was damaged.[127][128] On the 12th, the coalition intercepted and destroyed a Houthi attack drone launched towards Khamis Mushait.[129] On the 13th, the coalition destroyed two explosive-laden boats used in an attempted attack by Houthis in the south of the Red Sea.[130] On the 23rd, the coalition said it had destroyed four explosive-laden Houthi boats in Hodeidah. The coalition stated warplanes targeted the coastal Al-Jabanah military base east of Hodeidah, where vessels had been prepared to attack international shipping in the Red Sea.[131] On the 28th, the Saudi-led coalition said in a statement that Saudi Arabia's air defenses have intercepted and destroyed five ballistic missiles launched by Houthis toward Jizan city.[132]

On 2 November, the RSADF intercepted two Houthi attack drones targeting Jizan.[133] On 21 November, the Houthis fired missiles at Aramco buildings, including an airport. Saudi Arabia responded by carrying out an air strike.[134]

On 7 December, the coalition bombed targets in Sana'a after the Houthis launched missiles and attacked drones into Saudi Arabia. The coalition stated they also struck Houthi targets in Marib and Jouf around then.[135] On the same day, the coalition said a projectile fell near a public road and a local market in Jazan.[136] On 16 December, the coalition said in a statement that a hostile projectile fell in the industrial area of Ahad Al-Masarihah in Jazan Province. Later that day, the coalition said that it intercepted and destroyed two ballistic missiles fired toward Abha City, Asir region.[137][138][139] On the 20th, the coalition launched airstrikes on Sana'a International Airport. A Saudi official stated that the strikes hit six targets, including areas used for launching and storing drones, training drone operators, and housing militants and their trainers. According to Saudi state media, the coalition reportedly urged UN aid workers to evacuate the area before the strikes were carried out.[140] On the 24th, Saudi Arabia that a Houthi projectile hit Samtah in Jazan Province, killing three civilians and wounding seven.[141]

2022

Reportedly, on 21 January 2022, at least 70 people were killed and 138 were wounded in northern Yemen, when the coalition launched airstrikes on Houthis in response to a Houthi attack on Abu Dhabi earlier that month. One area Saudi Arabia struck was a prison. The coalition also damaged the Internet infrastructure of the entire country.[142] Saudi Arabia denied the air raid on the prison, which killed dozens; on the 27th, The Saudi-led coalition said it will investigate the attack.[143]

On 10 February, after Saudi air defences intercepted and destroyed a drone near the Yemeni borders, at least 12 civilians were hurt by shrapnel.[144]

On 10 March, the Saudi Press Agency reported that a drone attack on an oil refinery in Riyadh, started a small fire that did not cause injuries. They did not specify where the drone strike was launched from, and Houthis later claimed responsibility for it.[145] The attack caused a short dip in output at a refinery.[146] On 20 March, the coalition reported that Houthis fired missiles and drones at Saudi energy and water desalination facilities, causing a temporary drop in output at a refinery. Later on that day, according to the Saudi-led coalition, another Aramco distribution plant was attacked in Jeddah, leading to a fire in one of the tanks. The fire was controlled and did not result in any casualties.[147] On the 26th, the Houthis announced a three-day ceasefire, and offered Saudi Arabia a permanent ceasefire.[148][149] The coalition responded by unleashing a barrage of airstrikes on Sana'a and Al-Hodeidah, killing at least seven.[150][151][152]

On 28 March, the coalition said it destroyed numerous Houthi attack drones launched towards areas all over Saudi Arabia. The coalition also reported a fire at an electricity distribution plant in Samtah following a Houthi rocket attack. This was followed by another attack that targeted the National Water Company tanks in Saudi Arabia's Dhahran Al Janub region.[153] Later that day, the coalition said, Aramco's petroleum products distribution station in Jeddah were hit, close to the Jeddah Corniche Circuit where the Formula One Saudi Arabian Grand Prix was scheduled to take place the following weekend; this allegedly caused a fire in two storage tanks.[154] The attacks reportedly increased the prices of Brent Crude oil to 120 dollars USD per barrel,[155] and U.S. West Texas Intermediate oil to 113 dollars per barrel.[156][157] On the 31st, Saudi Arabia added 25 people and organisations from various countries to its terrorist lists for allegedly funding the Houthis.[158]

On 13 April, the U.S. Navy announced the formation of a new multinational task force to combat arms smuggling in the waters surrounding Yemen, in response to Houthi attacks on Saudi Arabia and the UAE.[159] On 28 April, the Saudi-led coalition operating in Yemen announced that it will release 163 Houthi militant prisoners.[160]

On 6 May, the coalition in Yemen said it transported more than a hundred of the inmates to Yemen, in conjunction with the Red Cross.[161]

On 2 June, the warring sides agreed to extend a UN-brokered cease-fire for another two months on the same terms as the previous agreement, which was set to expire on June.[162] On 27 June, following the Iraqi Prime Minister's call for a renewal of negotiations between the regional adversaries, an Iranian official claimed at a news conference that Saudi Arabia wants to begin diplomatic discussions with Iran.[163]

2023

A Houthi drone attack on 26 September 2023 eventually killed and wounded numerous soldiers Bahrain Defence Forces on the Saudi Arabian border with Yemen.[164][165]

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