Depictions of Kiddush levana

Kiddush levana is a Jewish ritual and prayer service, generally observed on the first or second Saturday night of each Hebrew month. Artists have depicted Kiddush levana for centuries, in paintings, woodcuts, engravings, and manuscript illuminations. Some depictions of moon divination on Hoshana Rabbah have been misattributed to Kiddush levana by reference works.[1]

Manuscript illuminations (1300–1600)

One 13th-century Italian prayerbook decorates Kiddush levana with a moon accompanied by a series of ladders in a field of stars.[2] Portrayals of Kiddush levana are particularly common in 15th-century Italian liturgical manuscripts, which often show a silver crescent moon.[3] The moon is generally anthropomorphized, a practice which had been adopted from Christian art in the 13th century.[4]

  • c. 1310, in Machzor Leipzig [he][a]
    c. 1310, in Machzor Leipzig[a]
  • 1393, by Abraham ben Samuel of Wenigerode
    1393, by Abraham ben Samuel of Wenigerode
  • 1589, in the Nuremberg Miscellany
    1589, in the Nuremberg Miscellany
  • 15th century (Italy), by "Isaac"
    15th century (Italy), by "Isaac"
  • 15th century (Italy)
    15th century (Italy)
  • 1441, in the Schottenstein Mahzor, text by Moses ben Avraham[b]
    1441, in the Schottenstein Mahzor, text by Moses ben Avraham[b]
  • 1478–1480,[5] in the Rothschild Miscellany [he][c]
    1478–1480,[5] in the Rothschild Miscellany[c]
  • 1480 (Pesaro), text by Abraham ben Matityahu Trèves Tzarfati[d]
    1480 (Pesaro), text by Abraham ben Matityahu Trèves Tzarfati[d]
  • 1480 (Mantua), by Abraham Farissol[e]
    1480 (Mantua), by Abraham Farissol[e]
  • 15th century (Italy)
    15th century (Italy)
  • 1490s (Florence), by Giovanni di Giuliano Boccardi, "one of the last representatives of the golden age of Florentine renaissance illumination"[6]
    1490s (Florence), by Giovanni di Giuliano Boccardi, "one of the last representatives of the golden age of Florentine renaissance illumination"[6]
  • 1490,[7] by Abraham Judah ben Yehiel of Camerino. In the Rothschild Mahzor.
    1490,[7] by Abraham Judah ben Yehiel of Camerino. In the Rothschild Mahzor.
  • 15th century (Ferrara?[8])
    15th century (Ferrara?[8])
  • 1512 (Ferrara), by Moses ben Hayyim Aqrish[f]
    1512 (Ferrara), by Moses ben Hayyim Aqrish[f]
  • 1520 (Italy), text by Moshe ben Hayyim Aqrish[9]
    1520 (Italy), text by Moshe ben Hayyim Aqrish[9]

Woodcuts (1525–1775)

Woodcuts depicting Kiddush levana began to appear in Jewish books in the 16th century, especially in editions of the Minhagim-bukh. The form of these depictions follows a template established by early woodcuts of astrologers.[1] The participants wear Sabbath finery, as instructed by Soferim.[10] They stand outdoors, as recommended since the 13th century.[11] Stars are shown along with the moon, to link Kiddush levana to the end of the Sabbath (which is determined by the appearance of stars), and to symbolically link the Sabbath and Kiddush levana "to one another as tokens of gratitude for the weekly and monthly cycles of time".[12] Partial cloud cover is included in reference to the threat that clouds will obscure the moon,[13] but the sky is always shown clear enough to allow for Kiddush levana to be recited.[12]

  • 1526, in the Prague Haggadah [he]
    1526, in the Prague Haggadah
  • 1560 (Mantua), by "Artist A" of this work.[14]
    1560 (Mantua), by "Artist A" of this work.[14]
  • 1601 (Venice). This haggadah reuses the same woodcut to depict Pharaoh's astrologers and Terah.
    1601 (Venice). This haggadah reuses the same woodcut to depict Pharaoh's astrologers and Terah.
  • 1593 (Venice)[g]
    1593 (Venice)[g]
  • 1601 (Venice)
    1601 (Venice)
  • 1645 (Amsterdam)
    1645 (Amsterdam)
  • 1660 (Prague)
    1660 (Prague)
  • 1669 (Sulzbach)
    1669 (Sulzbach)
  • 1690 (Frankfurt am Main)
    1690 (Frankfurt am Main)
  • 1692 (Dyhernfurth)
    1692 (Dyhernfurth)
  • 1707 (Amsterdam)
    1707 (Amsterdam)
  • 1707 (Frankfurt an der Oder)
    1707 (Frankfurt an der Oder)
  • 1708 (Frankfurt am Main)
    1708 (Frankfurt am Main)
  • 1715 (Frankfurt am Main)
    1715 (Frankfurt am Main)
  • 1722 (Frankfurt am Main)
    1722 (Frankfurt am Main)
  • 1723 (Amsterdam)
    1723 (Amsterdam)
  • 1768 (Amsterdam)
    1768 (Amsterdam)
  • 1775 (Amsterdam)
    1775 (Amsterdam)

Engravings (1685–1800)

  • 1687, by Benjamin Senior Godines, with watercolors
    1687, by Benjamin Senior Godines, with watercolors
  • 1720 (Fürth),[15] by "C."[h]
    1720 (Fürth),[15] by "C."[h]
  • 1720, following Yom Kippur
    1720, following Yom Kippur
  • c. 1731 (Nuremberg)[i]
    c. 1731 (Nuremberg)[i]
  • 1738 sketch (Mainz) by Juspe ben Meir Schmalkalden, apparently after an engraving[j]
    1738 sketch (Mainz) by Juspe ben Meir Schmalkalden, apparently after an engraving[j]
  • 1748, by Gottfried Eichler
    1748, by Gottfried Eichler
  • 1786–1800 (Padua?[16] Venice?[17]), by Giovanni Maria de Pian
    1786–1800 (Padua?[16] Venice?[17]), by Giovanni Maria de Pian

Revival illuminations (1712–1800)

Many illuminations survive from the 18th century Jewish illuminated prayerbook revival, often adapted from earlier woodcuts.[18] Some 18th-century illuminations show a group of ten men, an exact minyan.[19]

  • 18th-century
    18th-century
  • 1714, by Aaron ben Moses of Novardok
    1714, by Aaron ben Moses of Novardok
  • 1717 (Amsterdam)
    1717 (Amsterdam)
  • 1717 (Germany)[20]
    1717 (Germany)[20]
  • 1719 (Prague? Vienna?[21]), by Meshullam ben Moshe, "Zimmel of Polin"
    1719 (Prague? Vienna?[21]), by Meshullam ben Moshe, "Zimmel of Polin"
  • Early 18th-century,[22] by Zimmel of Polin?[23]
    Early 18th-century,[22] by Zimmel of Polin?[23]
  • 18th-century, with zodiac[k]
    18th-century, with zodiac[k]
  • 1722
    1722
  • 1722 (Moravia), by Nathan ben Samson [of Mezhyrich][24]
    1722 (Moravia), by Nathan ben Samson [of Mezhyrich][24]
  • 1723, by Moses Leib ben Wolf of Trebitsch
    1723, by Moses Leib ben Wolf of Trebitsch
  • Undated, by Moses Leib ben Wolf of Trebitsch
    Undated, by Moses Leib ben Wolf of Trebitsch
  • 1723 (Amsterdam?[25] Vienna?[26])
    1723 (Amsterdam?[25] Vienna?[26])
  • 1724 (Vienna),[27] by Samuel Dreznitz?[28][29] Zimmel of Polin?[23]
    1724 (Vienna),[27] by Samuel Dreznitz?[28][29] Zimmel of Polin?[23]
  • 18th-century (Moravia), by Nathan ben Samson of Mezhyrich (incomplete)
    18th-century (Moravia), by Nathan ben Samson of Mezhyrich (incomplete)
  • 1727 (Moravia?), by Nathan ben Samson of Mezhyrich
    1727 (Moravia?), by Nathan ben Samson of Mezhyrich
  • 18th-century (damaged)
    18th-century (damaged)
  • 1728 (Moravia?), by Nathan ben Samson of Mezhyrich
    1728 (Moravia?), by Nathan ben Samson of Mezhyrich
  • 1728
    1728
  • 1729 (Moravia), by Nathan ben Samson of Mezhyrich
    1729 (Moravia), by Nathan ben Samson of Mezhyrich
  • 1736 (Netherlands?[30]), by "Isaac"[l]
    1736 (Netherlands?[30]), by "Isaac"[l]
  • 1736 (Mannheim), by Simha Pihem Segal.
    1736 (Mannheim), by Simha Pihem Segal.
  • 1737
    1737
  • 1738 (Fürth).
    1738 (Fürth).
  • 1738 (Fürth)[31]
    1738 (Fürth)[31]
  • 1738 (Germany)
    1738 (Germany)
  • 1739[32]
    1739[32]
  • c. 1725-1750[33]
  • 1743[m] (Mannheim?), by Simha Pihem Segal
    1743[m] (Mannheim?), by Simha Pihem Segal
  • 1743 (Italy), by Jacob ben Joseph Conegliano
    1743 (Italy), by Jacob ben Joseph Conegliano
  • 1744, perhaps by Wolf Leib Katz Poppers of Hildesheim[34]
    1744, perhaps by Wolf Leib Katz Poppers of Hildesheim[34]
  • 1748, by Israel ben Jacob Leib Shammas (AHW [he])[35]
    1748, by Israel ben Jacob Leib Shammas (AHW)[35]
  • 1752
    1752
  • 1767 (Nancy), by Levi Offenbach
    1767 (Nancy), by Levi Offenbach
  • 1768 (Nancy), by Levi Offenbach
    1768 (Nancy), by Levi Offenbach
  • 1775, by Wolf Leib Katz Poppers of Hildesheim
    1775, by Wolf Leib Katz Poppers of Hildesheim
  • 1787 (Rotterdam), by Abraham Ziskind Weisna[36]
    1787 (Rotterdam), by Abraham Ziskind Weisna[36]
  • 1793 (Fürth)[n]
    1793 (Fürth)[n]
  • 18th-century
    18th-century
  • 1795 (Amsterdam)
    1795 (Amsterdam)
  • Undated
    Undated

Postcards (1875–1925)

  • 19th-century holiday card
  • 19th-century holiday card
    Williamsburg Art Co., New York. (printed in Germany)[37]
  • 19th-century holiday card
    by Friedrich Kaskeline[38]
  • 19th-century holiday card
  • c. 1910,[39] by Jacob Keller (United States)
    c. 1910,[39] by Jacob Keller (United States)

Artwork

Kiddush levana appeared on many fin de siècle holiday cards, and on a 2016 Russian postage stamp.[42] Notable modern artists have depicted Kiddush levana, including Yitzhak Frenkel,[43] Joseph Budko, Max Weber,[44] Lionel S. Reiss[45] Emanuel Glicen Romano,[46] Hendel Lieberman,[47][48] Zalman Kleinman,[49] Moshe Castel[50] Zvi Malnovitzer,[51] Elena Flerova,[52] Jerzy Duda-Gracz,[53] Boris Shapiro,[54][55] Simcha Nornberg,[56] Shmuel Bonneh,[57] Israel Hershberg,[58] Ezekiel Schloss,[59] Reuven Rubin, Haim Goldberg, Tadeusz Popiel, Hermann Junker, Jacob Steinhardt, and Artur Markowicz.[o]

In 1986, Menahem Berman created Hallelujah, being a clock for Kiddush levana, which is an electronic device that displays the current moon phase by illuminating one of 30 masked lenses on a silver dial.[61] Psalm 148 is engraved on its base in Merubah, a late 18th-century prayerbook typeface.[62]

Noa Ginzburg's MFA thesis, Kiddush Levana, The Moon Is Your Handheld Mirror (2019), aimed "to disarm anthropocentric points of view and speak of temporality and displacement".[63][64]

  • Blessing of the New Moon (1883) by Alphonse Levy[p]
    Blessing of the New Moon (1883) by Alphonse Levy[p]
  • Blessing of the New Moon (1883) by Hermann Junker.[q] Moses Mendelssohn, Leopold Kompert, James de Rothschild, Salomon Popper (1839-1889),[r] and Elias Ullmann are seen in Frankfurt.[65]
    Blessing of the New Moon (1883) by Hermann Junker.[q] Moses Mendelssohn, Leopold Kompert, James de Rothschild, Salomon Popper (1839-1889),[r] and Elias Ullmann are seen in Frankfurt.[65]
  • 1903 chalk drawing by Karl Pelzenhardt
    1903 chalk drawing by Karl Pelzenhardt
  • Painting by Bentzion Sokiranski (1887–1953)
    Painting by Bentzion Sokiranski (1887–1953)
  • Welcoming the New Moon.[66] Etching by Joseph Budko (1888–1940)
    Welcoming the New Moon.[66] Etching by Joseph Budko (1888–1940)
  • Moon Prayer (1919) by Stanisław Bender [pl][s]
    Moon Prayer (1919) by Stanisław Bender[s]
  • Birkat halevana (1920) by Jacob Steinhardt. Woodcut.
    Birkat halevana (1920) by Jacob Steinhardt. Woodcut.
  • Levona benschen (1920) by Jacob Steinhardt. Oil on canvas.[67]
    Levona benschen (1920) by Jacob Steinhardt. Oil on canvas.[67]
  • Birkat halevana (1920) by Jacob Steinhardt. Graphite, watercolor, and ink on paper.
    Birkat halevana (1920) by Jacob Steinhardt. Graphite, watercolor, and ink on paper.
  • Blessing the New Moon (1922), by Lionel S. Reiss. Etching.
    Blessing the New Moon (1922), by Lionel S. Reiss. Etching.
  • Kiddush levana (1923) by Reuven Rubin. Woodcut.[68]
    Kiddush levana (1923) by Reuven Rubin. Woodcut.[68]
  • Praying for the Moon (1928), by Peter Krasnow. Lithograph.[t]
    Praying for the Moon (1928), by Peter Krasnow. Lithograph.[t]
  • Kiddush levana (1929), by Moshe Appelbaum [he]. Painting.
    Kiddush levana (1929), by Moshe Appelbaum. Painting.
  • Kiddush levanah (c. 1930). Krakow.
    Kiddush levanah (c. 1930). Krakow.
  • 1933, by Artur Markowicz[69]
    1933, by Artur Markowicz[69]
  • New Moon (1940), by Imre Ámos. Lino-cut. 34 x 27 cm.
    New Moon (1940), by Imre Ámos. Lino-cut. 34 x 27 cm.

Apparatus

Notes

  1. ^ Imitated by MS Mich. 434 f. 42r (1604). Regarding the large sun and moon to either side of the incipit, cf. Worms Mahzor f. 26v (c. 1272–1280), Tripartite Mahzor f. 85v, Darmstadt MS Or. 13 f. 60r, Bodleian MSS Laud. Or. 321 f. 57v, Opp. 161 f. 40v, and Mich. 617 f. 26r, and MS Kaufmann A 388 vol. I f. 90r (c. 1270–1290). Retrieved 9 March 2025 – via Dávid Kaufmann. See Shalev-Eyni, Sarit (2004). "Cosmological Signs in Calculating the Time of Redemption: The Christian Crucifixion and the Jewish New Moon of Nissan". Viator. 35 (1): 265-287, "The similar size of both luminaries, their position in the two upper corners of the panel, as well as the human features of the moon are based on the Christian model . . . From the surviving Ashkenazi prayer books we can deduce that the iconography of the luminaries as an illustration to the piyyut 'Sign of this Month' was formed towards the middle of the thirteenth century, close to the time when eschatological calculations were flourishing in Jewish and Christian sources . . ."
  2. ^ Said to be “written on a red and blue panel decorated by the scribe . . . flanked on either side by a crescent moon embellished with silver leaf. The decision to depict both a waxing and a waning moon is atypical because the benediction is recited specifically upon seeing the New Moon”. Cohen, Evelyn M. (2024). "The Art of the Schottenstein Italian Mahzor of 1441: A Preliminary Study". Beloved David. pp. 503–504. See however other examples of reversed moon in this gallery, including MS Parma 1756 f. [93r].
  3. ^ The Israel Museum's Wing of Jewish Life proposed sending a facsimile of this page into space with Artemis I. Nizza-Caplan, Anna (Winter 2022-2023). "Moonstruck: Curators Gazing Starward!". Israel Museum Magazine (English). pp. 71-72.
  4. ^ For an undecorated Kiddush levana by the same scribe, see MS Kaufmann A380 f. 50r. This scribe refers to his father by the well-wishing ישר״ו, indicating that Matityahu was still alive when the latter manuscript was completed in 1481. "Mattityahu" and "Abraham" were traditional names in the famous Trèves rabbinical family; see Horowitz, Yehoshua (2007). "Treves". Encyclopedia Judaica. 2nd edition. pp. 134–135.
  5. ^ Farissol's 1471 copy for a woman, MS JTS 8255 f. 63v, was included above. That version contains only the Talmudic blessing, but in 1480 he supplemented it with "Blessed be your Creator . . ." and the exchange of greetings. In 1473, Farissol had copied the Alilot Devarim, which critiques "Blessed by your Creator . . ." Moritz Steinschneider proposed that Farissol was in fact the original author of the Alilot Devarim. Ibid. (March–April 1864). "Periodische Literatur". Hebraeische Bibliographie. 7 (38): 28. Retrieved July 23, 2025 - via Internet Archive. Note that Steinschneider is suspicious of the 1468 manuscript's date, but for no good reason. He has misread "Nissan" as "Sivan".
  6. ^ See MS Musée de Cluny 13995 f. 67v and MSS Free Library of Philadelphia 141 p. 78 (scan) and 142 p. 66 (scan) for similar work by Aqrish. Cf. the following image.
  7. ^ A similar image appears in MS Paris 586, a Yiddish manuscript produced before 1503, on f. 78v with the incomplete caption אִיז נַאַכְט מַן מַג וואל אוֹרַן [די]א שְׁטַעְרַן זִיין אִם הִימַל, ". . . is night. One may well pray. Stars are in the sky". Diane Wolfthal has called it the "most unusual image of synagogue ritual" in that manuscript. The surrounding text relates to Sukkot, and Wolfthal writes that it "cannot represent the blessing of the moon" but must instead show men realizing that night has fallen before returning to the synagogue for Maariv. Ibid. (2004). Picturing Yiddish. pp. 41-42, 236. This 1593 woodcut has been reinterpreted in Mark Podwal's Blessing the New Moon, a digitial archival pigment print on paper. See here. Retrieved March 6, 2025 – via Skirball Museum.
  8. ^ Signed in the 1734 edition only.
  9. ^ Compare the engraving of a wedding in Jüdische Ceremonien (1720), plate 22. Retrieved April 24, 2025 – via Flickr. In the 1734 edition, this wedding engraving is signed "A. A.".
  10. ^ The same scribe is known from two other illuminated books, MSS Library of Congress 229, dated 1745, and Israel Museum B84.0907, undated. Neither contains Kiddush levana, perhaps because they were intended for women. See Brener, Ann (November 13, 2020). "Portrait of the Artist as Rain(bow) Maker: Joseph ben Meir Schmalkalden". 4 Corners of the World: International Collections at the Library of Congress. Retrieved 3-23-2025. Republished with additional content in Ibid. (2024). "Portrait of the Artist as Rain(bow) Maker: A Miniature Prayerbook from Germany". Books Like Sapphires: From the Library of Congress Judaica Collection. Brandeis University Press. pp. 166–176.
  11. ^ "By its very nature, the Blessing of the Moon was a subject that invited zodiac illustration . . . In this manuscript, a product of German-Jewish culture, the illustrator did not avoid drawing the human form, and he may have copied the zodiac signs from a printed German mahzor". Fishof, Iris (ed.) (2001). Written in the Stars. p. 72. See also broadsheet above and Hachlili, Rachel (2013). Ancient Synagogues – Archaeology and Art. Brill. pp. 382–385.
  12. ^ "A group of men is depicted outside the city saying the prayer for the New Moon. The image doubtlessly was taken from one of the many Minhagim booklets". Schrijver (1993). p. 97.
  13. ^ Or possibly 1733. Schrijver (1993). p. 111.
  14. ^ A similar illumination appears in a 1735 manuscript held by the Jewish Museum, also made in Fürth (accession #1986-160a-b, shelf L1985.13.2). This 1793 example is said to be a "reduced" imitation. Mann, Vivian B. (1986) Treasures of the Jewish Museum. pp. 68-69. Ibid. (2005). Art and Ceremony in Jewish Life. pp. 318-320. See also the 1737-1739 examples on this page.
  15. ^ One 1904 text from Isfahan is decorated with depictions of saint-graves in Israel and Iran, including the tomb attributed to Serah, which Iranian Jews used as a protective charm. It has been inaccurately described as a "Birkat halevana",[60] but actually contains only the Rosh Chodesh mussaf. Reproduced in Bialer, Yehuda L. (1975). Jewish Life in Art and Tradition. p. 136.
  16. ^ Published as an etching in L'Univers illustré on 13 October 1883 (Retrieved March 16, 2025 - via MAHJ), and reviewed by Hippolyte Prague in Archives israélites on 18 October (Vol. XLIV. p. 335. Retrieved on January 19, 2025 – via Google Books). Emery I. Gondor created a similar image, with a man and boy, for Zeligs, Dorothy F. (1941). The Story of Jewish Holidays. p. 222.
  17. ^ Image shown is a composite which restores the missing upper margin from an engraving published in Über Land und Meer (1886), p. 705.
  18. ^ A cantor. See obituary in Cantoren-Zeitung for January 11, 1890. pp. 6-7.
  19. ^ Advertised under the title Mondgebet. Panned by Yiddishe Tageblatt on June 11, 1922 p. [8].
  20. ^ Compare Blessing of the New Moon (1883) by Alphonse Levy.

References

  1. ^ a b Sperber, Daniel (1990). "Bedikat hatzel le-or hayareiach beleil Hoshana rabbah". Minhagei Yisrael (in Hebrew). Mosad Harav Kook. pp. 173–182.
  2. ^ Unsigned (January 3, 1969). "13th Century Prayer Book in Dropsie College Archives Illustrates 'Man in Moon' Concept". The Detroit Jewish News. p. 3. Retrieved April 1, 2025 – via NLI. Regarding the ladder motif, cf. Cohen, Élie (2000). "La prière à la lune". Prières méditerranéennes hier et aujourd'hui: actes du colloque organisé par le Centre Paul-Albert Février, Université de Provence-C.N.R.S., à Aix-en-Provence les 2 et 3 avril 1998 (in French). p. 142.
  3. ^ Metzger, Thérèse; Metzger, Mendel (1982). La vie juive au Moyen Age: illustrée par les manuscrits hébraïques enluminés du XIIIe au XVIe siècle (in French). Office du Livre. pp. 250–257. ISBN 978-2-7191-0082-0. List given is: "Par ex.: Oxford, Bodl. Libr., Ms. Mich. 610, f. 12v [not found]; Parme, Bibl. Pal., Ms. Parm. 1756-De Rossi 236, f. 93r; Vatican, Bibl. Apost., Cod. Vat. ebr. 573, f. 97r; Jérusalem, Bibl. Nat. Univ., Ms. Heb. 8º 5572, f. 60r; Jérusalem, Bibl. Nat. Univ., Ms. Heb. 8º 5492, f. 113r; Jérusalem, Coll. Sassoon, Ms. 23, [f. 80r]. Jérusalem, Mus. Isr., Ms. Rothschild 24, f. [50r]." All are available in the gallery below except MS Bodleian, which has not been scanned (As of 2024).
  4. ^ Roth, Abraham Naftali Zvi (1967). "Kiddush levana" (in Hebrew). Yeda Am. Vol. 12 [misprinted 13]. p. 5, "This practice is only for the scribe's amusement". Other suggestions are found in Shalev-Eyni, Sarit (2004). "Cosmological Signs in Calculating the Time of Redemption: The Christian Crucifixion and the Jewish New Moon of Nissan". Viator. 35 (1): 266, 276 n. 78.
  5. ^ Nissim, Daniele (2019). "Il Commentente e il Properitario della Miscellanea Rothschild". La Rassegna Mensile di Israel (in Italian). 85 (1): 43–60. ISSN 0033-9792. JSTOR 27125539.
  6. ^ "MAHZOR, livre contenant les prières pour les fêtes de l'année liturgique, en hébreu, manuscrit enluminé sur vélin". Christies. 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2025.
  7. ^ Wachtel, David (2005). "How to Date a Rothschild". Studia Rosenthaliana. 38/39: 160–168. ISSN 0039-3347. JSTOR 41482674.
  8. ^ Tahan, Ilana (2007). Hebrew Manuscripts: The Power of Script and Image. British Library. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-7123-4921-5. Retrieved November 27, 2025 – via Internet Archive.
  9. ^ Signed by a female commissioner. Cohen (2007) pp. 311–312. See also Metzger, Mendel (1992). "An Illuminated Jewish Prayer Book of the 16th Century". Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft. Supplement 9. pp. 39–54. Retrieved March 6, 2025 – via MLU.
  10. ^ Roth, Abraham Naftali Zvi (1967). "Kiddush levana" (in Hebrew). Yeda Am. Vol. 12 [misprinted 13]. p. 4.
  11. ^ Schubert, Ursula; Schubert, Kurt (1983). Jüdische Buchkunst. Vol. 2. pp. 147–148. One lost example described in Seman, Philip L. (May 1927). "The Problem of the Leisure Hour". Jewish Peoples' Institute Annual Report. p. 50.
  12. ^ a b Feuchtwanger-Sarig, Naomi (2021). Thy Father's Instruction: Reading the Nuremberg Miscellany as Jewish Cultural History. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 204–210. ISBN 978-3-11-041428-8. Retrieved 26 January 2025 – via Google Books.
  13. ^ Davis (March 2024), p. 27.
  14. ^ Unsigned (2025-04-10). "The Mother Haggados: Models for Modern Analysis of Printed Jewish Illustrations". The Seforim Blog. Retrieved 2025-08-12.
  15. ^ Konig, B. (1927–1928). "Der Mondsegen 'Kidusch lewonoh'". Hickls illustrierter jüdischer Volkskalender (in German). pp. 91–93. Retrieved April 23, 2025 – via DiFMOE.
  16. ^ "Adunanza di ebrei al chiaro di luna stampa di traduzione ca 1786 –". catalogo.beniculturali.it. Retrieved 2025-03-16.
  17. ^ Rubens, Alfred (1962). "Scene Di Vita Ebraica in Italia". La Rassegna Mensile Di Israel. 28 (3/4). pp. 252–253. Retrieved March 15, 2025 JSTOR 41281655.
  18. ^ Schubert, Ursula; Schubert, Kurt (1983). Jüdische Buchkunst. Vol. 2. pp. 147–148. One lost example described in Seman, Philip L. (May 1927). "The Problem of the Leisure Hour". Jewish Peoples' Institute Annual Report. p. 50.
  19. ^ Sabar, Shalom (2000). "The Illustrated Prayer Book of Reizele Binge of Fürth, 1737/38". A Crown for a King. pp. 211-212. Retrieved January 19, 2026 - via Academia.
  20. ^ "Selected Acquisitions 1981". Israel Museum Journal. 1: 98. 1982.
  21. ^ Fishof, Iris (1996). "Sabbath Prayer Book for Joseph, Son-in-law of Isaac Oppenheim". From Court Jews to the Rothschilds. pp. 168–169. ISBN 978-3-7913-1624-6. Retrieved May 21, 2025.
  22. ^ Margoulioth, George (1905). Catalogue of the Hebrew and Samaritan manuscripts in the British Museum. Vol. 2. pp. 326–327. Retrieved May 22, 2025 – via Internet Archive.
  23. ^ a b "Vienna Seder Tikkunei Shabbat". cja.huji.ac.il. Retrieved 2025-05-27.
  24. ^ Wandrey, Irina (2014). "Codex Levy 61" (PDF). Manuscript Cultures. 6: 300. Retrieved April 24, 2025 – via Fiona. [Includes color image.] See below for 1727–1729 examples. Another 1728 Kiddush levana, illuminated by Nathan ben Samson of Mezhyrich in Moravia, is privately held by Alfred Moldovan (MS R), and a microfilm may be viewed from within the National Library of Israel. Regarding this scribe, see Van Voolen, Edward (1994). "Nathan ben Simson of Meseritz's Prayers for the New Moon". Bibliotheca Rosenthaliana: Treasures of Jewish Booklore. pp. 68–69. Retrieved April 24, 2025 – via Internet Archive.
  25. ^ According to the illustrated frontispiece (p. 33 of the microfilm).
  26. ^ "Seder Tikunei Shabbat". cja.huji.ac.il. Retrieved 2025-05-11.
  27. ^ Harburger, Theo (May 1, 1928). "Jüdische Buchmalerei im 18. Jahrhundert". Bayerische Israelitische Gemeindezeitung (in German). No. 8. pp. 115–116. Retrieved March 26, 2025 – via Compact Memory.
  28. ^ Scheiber, Alexander (1984). "Two Works by Samuel Dreznitz". Studies in Bibliography and Booklore. 15: 3. ISSN 0039-3568. JSTOR 27943502. Retrieved May 19, 2025.
  29. ^ Mintz, Sharon Liebman (2001). Precious Possessions. p. 32.
  30. ^ Schrijver, Emile (1993). Towards a Supplementary Catalogue of Hebrew Manuscripts in the Bibliotheca Rosenthaliana. University of Amsterdam (dissertation). pp. 95–97. Retrieved May 22, 2025 – via Academia.
  31. ^ Carefoote, Peter J.; Perry, Timothy; Sharon, Nadav (2022). Certaine Worthye Manuscripts: Medieval Books in the Fisher Library (PDF). University of Toronto. pp. 166–167. Retrieved April 29, 2025.
  32. ^ "Alkalmi imakönyv". collections.milev.hu (in Hungarian). 1739. Retrieved 2025-03-25.
  33. ^ Zakovitch, Yair (2024). "Jacob's Dreams: Connections and Polemics". Lucid Dreams. p. 162. Retrieved May 22, 2025 – via Academia. Ursula Schubert gives the date "1740" without providing a source. Ibid. (1983). Jüdische Buchkunst. Vol. 2. p. 148.
  34. ^ Unsigned. But see Epstein, Marc Michael (2022). Skies of Parchment, Seas of Ink: Jewish Illuminated Manuscripts. Princeton University Press. p. 217. ISBN 978-1-4008-6562-8. Retrieved May 22, 2025 – via Google Books.
  35. ^ Wandrey, Irina (2014). "Codex Levy 60" (PDF). Manuscript Cultures. 6: 297. Retrieved April 24, 2025 – via Fiona. Regarding the Shammas family of scribes, see Schrijver, Emile (1990). "'Be-ôtiyyôt Amsterdam' Eighteenth-century Hebrew Manuscript Production in Central Europe: the Case of Jacob ben Judah Leib Shammas". Quaerendo. 20 (1): 24-62. Retrieved April 24, 2025 – via Academia.
  36. ^ Michels, Evi (2013-05-30). Jiddische Handschriften der Niederlande (in German). BRILL. pp. 53–57. ISBN 978-90-04-25123-6. Retrieved March 23, 2025 – via Google Books.
  37. ^ "Kiddush Levana". The Life of the Synagogue. Retrieved 2025-03-07.
  38. ^ Harvard Judaica Postcard Collection – via HOLLIS.
  39. ^ Sabar, Shalom (2011). "A Survey of the Literature on Jewish Postcards and New Year Cards". Jerusalem Studies in Jewish Folklore (in Hebrew). 27: 290. ISSN 0333-7030. JSTOR 23358610.
  40. ^ "1903 Gebet bei Vollmond. S. M. P. Kr. Déposé 1904. / Jewish men praying at full moon. Judaica art postcard (fa)". Darabanth Auctions Co., Ltd. Retrieved 2025-01-30.
  41. ^ "Az újhold megszentelése (Kidus Levana)". MILEV (in Hungarian). Retrieved 2025-03-25.
  42. ^ Singer, Saul Jay (2 June 2021). "The Story Behind Kiddush Levana". Jewish Press. Retrieved 2024-12-20. The stamp adapts a painting of Kiddush levana by Elena Flerova (1943–2020). N.b. that this source labels another image "U.S. Kiddush Levana stamp" but it appears to actually depict the Rosh Chodesh window at Heichal Shlomo.
  43. ^ F. M., Th. (March 15, 1960). "Industrious Visionary". The Palestine Post. p. 4. Retrieved April 1, 2025 – via NLI.
  44. ^ Baigell, Matthew (2000). "Max Weber's Jewish Paintings". American Jewish History. 88 (3): 341–360. ISSN 0164-0178. JSTOR 23886390. Retrieved 2 February 2025.
  45. ^ Reiss, Lionel S. (2006-08-17), Blessing the New Moon, retrieved 2024-12-22
  46. ^ "Emanuel Glicenstein Romano – Modernist Watercolor Painting Judaica Kiddush Levana Blessing New Moon". 1stDibs.com. Retrieved 2024-12-20.
  47. ^ "'Kiddush Levanah' by Hendel Lieberman, gouache on board | Leviim Gallery". leviimart.com. 2021-02-09. Retrieved 2024-12-20. This painting is discussed in Krantzler, Gershon (1955). "Chosid From the Left Bank". Jewish Life. 22 (3). p. 33.
  48. ^ Daily News. December 8, 1963. p. [718].
  49. ^ "Kiddush Levana by Zalman Kleinman | Leviim Gallery". leviimart.com. 2017-07-31. Retrieved 2024-12-20.
  50. ^ "(#43) Moshe Castel". Sothebys.com. Retrieved 2024-12-22.
  51. ^ "Zvi Malnovitzer (b. 1945) Kiddush Levana (Blessing of the New Moon)". 8 May 2001.
  52. ^ "Kiddush Levana". The Betzalel Gallery. Retrieved 2024-12-20.
  53. ^ Preludium Wrocławska Kolekscja (in Polish). 2023. pp. 20–21. Retrieved March 22, 2025 – via Issuu.
  54. ^ "Lot 301 – 'Kiddush Levana' by Boris Shapiro, Oil on Canvas | Appelauction". Retrieved 2024-12-20.
  55. ^ "Boris Shapiro 'Kiddush Levana' – Rishon Art Gallery". Museum of Jewish Art. Retrieved 2024-12-20.
  56. ^ Davidovitch, David (November 16, 1972). "'The Shtetl' of Simcha Nornberg". Jewish Advocate. p. A6.
  57. ^ The Jerusalem Post. August 9, 1957. p. 8.
  58. ^ Виктор, Шапиро (March 1, 2020). "Вернисаж «парадоксального еврея»". ArtPark (in Russian). Retrieved 2025-10-22.
  59. ^ Schloss, Ezekiel (1946). "Blessing of the New Moon". The Jewish people, past and present. Vol. 3. Jewish Encyclopedic Handbooks. p. 304.
  60. ^ Levi, Azariah (June 1989). "Ketubot". Et-Mol. 14 (5). p. 20.
  61. ^ Baum, Ilana (April 24, 1987). "Hayudayika ha-elektronit shel Berman" (in Hebrew). Maariv. p. 4:7 (38). Retrieved March 20, 2025 – via NLI.
  62. ^ Avrin, Leila (1991). "Hebrew Calligraphy in Silver and Gold". Calligraphy Review. 9 (2): 47.
  63. ^ Ginzburg, Noa (2019). Kiddush Levana, The Moon Is Your Handheld Mirror. City University of New York (MFA thesis). Retrieved January 9, 2025 – via AcademicWorks.
  64. ^ "The moon is your handheld mirror – Noa Ginzburg". Noa Ginzburg. Retrieved 2024-12-23.
  65. ^ Junker, Hermann (January 1, 1884). "Die Fortsehung der Oppenheim'schen Bilder aus dem Jüdischen Leben". Populär-wissenschaftliche Monatsblätter zur Belehrung über das Judentum für Gebildete aller Confessionen. Herausg. von A. Brüll (in German). Vol. 4. pp. 10–11.
  66. ^ Singer, Saul Jay (2 June 2021). "The Story Behind Kiddush Levana". Jewish Press. Retrieved 2024-12-20. The stamp adapts a painting of Kiddush levana by Elena Flerova (1943–2020). N.b. that this source labels another image "U.S. Kiddush Levana stamp" but it appears to actually depict the Rosh Chodesh window at Heichal Shlomo.
  67. ^ Grazioso, Marco & Esposito, Roberto & Maayan Fanar, Emma & Kuflik, Tsvi & Cutugno, Francesco. (2020). "Using Eye Tracking Data to Understand Visitors' Behaviour". AVI2CH 2020, September 29, Island of Ischia, Italy (Conference paper). Retrieved March 15, 2025 – via ResearchGate. p. [4].
  68. ^ Israel, Yael (2008). Mendelsohn, Amitai; Rubin, Carmela (eds.). "Reuven Rubin: Art and the Nation". Cathedra: For the History of Eretz Israel and Its Yishuv (in Hebrew) (129): 165–170. ISSN 0334-4657. JSTOR 23407460. Retrieved 27 January 2025.
  69. ^ "The figures presented are in reverie and unreal atmosphere". Ładnowska, Janina (2004). "Artur Markowicz". Wybitni artyści żydowscy / Distinguished Jewish Artists (2004). Muzeum Historii Miasta. p. 48. A more color-accurate scan is available from the Central Jewish Library here (Retrieved July 8, 2025).
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