Guan Xiangying

In this Chinese name, the family name is Guan.
Guan Xiangying
关向应
Secretary of the Central Military Commission
In office
March 1930 – August 1930
Preceded byZhou Enlai
(as Head of the Military Department)
Succeeded byZhou Enlai
First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League of China
In office
July 1928 – 1930s
Personal details
Born(1902-09-10)10 September 1902
Jinzhou, Fengtian Province, Qing China
Died21 July 1946(1946-07-21) (aged 43)
Yan'an Soviet, Republic of China
Military service
AllegianceChinese Red Army
Eighth Route Army
Years of service1924–1946
RankGeneral
Battles/warsChinese Civil War
Second Sino-Japanese War

Guan Xiangying (Chinese: 关向应) (10 September 1902 – 21 July 1946) was a senior military leader of the Chinese Red Army. During the Long March, he served as Vice Political Commissar of the Red Second Front Army and during the Second Sino-Japanese War, he was Political Commissar of the 120th Division of the Eighth Route Army, where he helped establish the Jin-Sui Base Area in Yan'an Soviet alongside He Long.

Early life

Of Manchu ethnicity, Guan was born Guan Zhixiang in 10 September 1902 in Jin County, Fengtian Province (present-day Jinzhou District in Dalian, Liaoning).[1] He belonged to the Bordered White Banner and was born into the Gūwalgiya clan.[2] In 1922, he graduated from the local Japanese Fushidai Commercial School and entered a Japanese-owned printing company, where he left soon after having a conflict with Japanese employees.[3]

Revolutionary career

In April 1924, introduced by Li Zhenying, Guan joined the Chinese Socialist Youth League. In May, he traveled with Li to Shanghai, enrolled at Shanghai University, and engaged in covert activities at the First District Party Department of the Kuomintang. In December of the same year, he was sent to study at the Moscow Sun Yat-sen University in Soviet Union.[4] The following year, introduced by Chen Qiaonian, he joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in Moscow. After the May Thirtieth Movement broke out in 1925, Guan requested to return to China and worked in Shanghai. In August, he went to Jinan and Qingdao to oversee local Communist Youth League activities. Early the next year, he returned to Shanghai. Following the April 12 Incident in 1927, he fled to Wuhan. After the July 15 Incident, he was dispatched to Henan to serve as Secretary of the CCP Henan Provincial Committee.[5]

In 1928, he was transferred back to Shanghai and later attended the 6th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in Moscow, where he was elected as an alternate member of the CCP Central Political Bureau, a member of the CCP Central Military Commission and Secretary of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Youth League.[6] In March 1930, he was appointed Secretary of the Central Military Commission, overseeing military affairs. That winter, he became Secretary of the CCP Central Yangtze Bureau and was transferred to work in Shanghai.[7][8]

Leaders of the Red Second Front Army after the Long March: front row from left: Guan is in the front third from left

In January 1932, Guan was appointed a member of the CCP Hunan-Hubei-West Revolutionary Base Sub-Bureau, Chairman of the Hunan-Hubei-West Revolutionary Base Military Committee and Political Commissar of the Red Third Army. Together with He Long, he led the construction of the Hunan-Hubei-West Revolutionary Base and the development of the Chinese Red Army. During this period, Guan implemented the expanded line of the anti-counterrevolutionary movement.[9] In October 1934, the troops entered Hunan and established the Hunan-Hubei-Sichuan-Guizhou Revolutionary Base Area, with Guan serving as Vice Political Commissar of the Red Second Army Corps and Military Region.[10] In October 1935, Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek led the National Revolutionary Army in a divide-and-encircle offensive against the Hunan-Hubei-Sichuan-Guizhou Revolutionary Base Area. In November, together with He Long and Ren Bishi, he directed the breakout of the Red Second and Sixth Army Corps from the Nationalist blockade in Sangzhi County, Hunan, taking part in the Long March.[11]

In February 1936, in Qianxi County, Guizhou, he attended a meeting of the CCP Hunan-Hubei-Sichuan-Guizhou Provincial Committee, deciding to establish a Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou border area base area with the two army corps. Afterward, with He Long and Ren Bishi, he led the Red Second and Sixth Army Corps in maneuvering against the National Revolutionary Army in the Wumeng Mountains. On July 2, the Red Second and Sixth Army Corps arrived at Ganzi, Sichuan, and joined forces with the Red Fourth Front Army under Zhang Guotao and Xu Xiangqian.[12] The Second and Sixth Corps of the Red Army and the 32nd Red Army formed the Second Front Army of the Red Army. Guan served as the deputy political commissar and deputy political commissar of the Second Front Army of the Red Army.[13] During this time, he struggled against Zhang Guotao.[14] In October, the Red Second Front Army met the Red First Front Army at Jiangtaibao in Ningxia, ending the Long March.[15] In December, Guan was appointed Political Commissar of the Red Second Front Army and a member of the CCP Central Revolutionary Military Commission.[16]

Guan Xiangying, Peng Zhen and Nie Rongzhen in 1938 during the formation of the CCP Northern Bureau

On 22 August 1937, Guan attended the Luochuan Conference in Shaanxi and was subsequently appointed to the CCP Central Military Commission Frontline Sub-Committee. On 25 August, the Red Second Front Army was reorganized into the 120th Division of the Eighth Route Army, with Guan serving as Director of the Political Training Department.[17] Together with He Long, he led the unit in participating in the Second Sino-Japanese War. In October, Guan led a work team to the Jin-Xi region in northwestern Shanxi to develop communist base areas.[18] In February 1938, with He Long, he commanded the Jin-Xi Seven Cities Campaign, recapturing seven county seats. In December 1938, he and He Long led the main force of the 120th Division to the Ji-Zhong area, serving as Political Commissar of the Ji-Zhong District General Headquarters.[19] In February 1940, Guan and He Long led their forces back to Jin-Sui. Starting in November 1940, he served as Political Commissar of the Jin-Xi Military Region and participated in the Hundred Regiments Offensive.[20]

In 1941, Guan's tuberculosis worsened, forcing him to step down and return to Yan'an for recuperation. In 1942, he was appointed Secretary of the CCP Jin-Sui Sub-Bureau and Political Commissar of the Shaan-Gan-Ning Jin-Sui Joint Defense Army.[21] In 1945, at the 7th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, he was elected as a Central Committee member.[1]

On 21 July 1946, he died of illness in Yan'an.[1] Prior to his death, he had tearfully pleaded Peng Dehuai to not oppose Mao Zedong or engage in factionalism.[22]

Personal life

Guan's first wife was Qin Manyun, whom he married in June 1928. After returning to China in 1929, she successively served as head of the Women's Department of the Youth League Central Committee, confidential secretary of the Military Commission Secretariat and director of the Liaison Office for Comintern representatives, as well as chief accountant of the Shanghai Central Executive Bureau. They had a son, Guan Zheng, whose whereabouts became unknown.[23]

Guan's second wife was Ma Dan, whom he married on 10 October 1938. In May 1940, Ma went to Xing County to work at the Women's Salvation Association. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, she served as director of the Office of the Guangdong Provincial Civil Affairs Department and deputy director of the Guangdong Provincial Tourism Bureau.[24]

Honors

A memorial hall honoring him was built in 1964 at his birthplace in Jinzhou District in Dalian.[25]

In 2009, Guan was named one of the 100 heroes and role models who contributed to the founding of New China.[26]

References

  1. ^ a b c "关向应" [Guan Xianyang]. Central Government Portal. 2008-05-05. Retrieved 2025-09-21.
  2. ^ Mǎnzú zōng pǔ yánjiū 满族宗谱研究. 辽宁民族出版社 [Research on Manchu Genealogy] (in Chinese). Liáoníng mínzú chūbǎn shè. 2006. p. 150. ISBN 7807221712.
  3. ^ Guān xiàngyīng chuán 关向应传 [Biography of Guan Xiangying] (in Chinese). Hénán rénmín chūbǎn shè. 1986. p. 10.
  4. ^ Zhōngguó gémìng shǐ rénwù zhuànlüè 中国革命史人物传略 [Biographies of Chinese Revolutionary Figures] (in Chinese). Húběi jiàoyù chūbǎn shè. 1987. p. 83. ISBN 7535100430.
  5. ^ Zhōngguó èrshí shìjì jìshì běnmò fù juǎn·rénwù 中国二十世纪纪事本末 附卷·人物 [Chronicles of China in the 20th Century: Supplementary Volume: Figures] (in Chinese). Shāndōng rénmín chūbǎn shè. 2000. p. 197. ISBN 7209024034.
  6. ^ Dong, Zhizheng (1984). Lǚdà shǐ huà 旅大史话 [Historical Sketches of Lüda] (in Chinese). Liáoníng rénmín chūbǎn shè. p. 232.
  7. ^ Li, Rong; Zhang, Yanzhong (2014). Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng dì yī zhì dì liù cì quánguó dàibiǎo dàhuì dàibiǎo mínglù zēng dìng běn 中国共产党的第一次至第六次全国代表大会代表名录 增订本 [List of Delegates to the First to Sixth National Congresses of the Chinese Communist Party: Revised Edition] (in Chinese). 中共党史出版社. p. 70. ISBN 9787509803301.
  8. ^ Cao, Cuilian (1998). Róng mǎ shuāng xīng 戎马双星 [Riding Horses, Twin Stars] (in Chinese). Zhōngyāng wénxiàn chūbǎn shè. p. 159. ISBN 7507304671.
  9. ^ Cao, Ying (2013). Zhōnggòng xuǎnzéle Máo Zédōng 中共选择了毛泽东 [The CCP Chose Mao Zedong] (in Chinese). Huá wén chūbǎn shè. p. 530. ISBN 9787507539448.
  10. ^ Xu, Fulu (2006). Hóng èr fāngmiàn jūn chángzhēng jìshí 红二方面军长征纪实 [Documentary Record of the Long March of the Red Second Front Army] (in Chinese). Beijing: Jiěfàng jūn wén yì chūbǎn shè. p. 3. ISBN 750330801X.
  11. ^ Yin, Luxi; Wei, Dan (1992). Rèn Bìshí 任弼时 [Ren Bishi] (in Chinese). Sìchuān rénmín chūbǎn shè. p. 17. ISBN 7220017316.
  12. ^ Zhōnggòng Mìluó xiàn wěiyuánhuì; Gān Zhēngwén, Hán Shàogōng, ed. (1979). Rèn Bìshí 任弼时 [Ren Bishi] (in Chinese). Chángshā: Húnán rénmín chūbǎn shè. p. 136.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  13. ^ Jìndài shǐ yánjiū 近代史研究 [Studies in Modern History] (in Chinese). Zhōngguó shèhuì kēxué chūbǎn shè. 1983. p. 145.
  14. ^ Léi Xiùzhēn (1991). Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng dǎngshǐ rénwù jièshào 中国共产党的党史人物介绍 [Introduction to CCP Party History Figures] (in Chinese). Zhōngguó rénmín dàxué chūbǎn shè. p. 42. ISBN 9787300010403.
  15. ^ Shǎnxī shěng zhì 陕西省志 [Shaanxi Provincial Gazetteer] (in Chinese). Shǎnxī rénmín chūbǎn shè. p. 184.
  16. ^ 《Zhōngguó rénmín jiěfàng jūn jūnshǐ》biānxiě zǔ (2010). Zhōngguó rénmín jiěfàng jūn jūnshǐ: dì yī juàn 中国人民解放军军史：第一卷 [History of the People's Liberation Army: Volume One] (in Chinese). Jūnshì kēxué chūbǎn shè. p. 430. ISBN 9787802373815.
  17. ^ Zhōngguó rénmín jiěfàng jūn lìshǐ zīliào cóngshū biānshěn wěiyuánhuì (1994). Bā lù jūn · wénxiàn 八路军·文献 [Eighth Route Army: Documents] (in Chinese). Jiěfàng jūn chūbǎn shè. pp. 19–20. ISBN 7506523256.
  18. ^ Wei, Guoying (2005). Bā lù jūn jiànglǐng gùshì jí 八路军将领故事集 [Stories of Eighth Route Army Generals] (in Chinese). Jiěfàng jūn chūbǎn shè. p. 314.
  19. ^ Zhōngguó rénmín jiěfàng jūn jūnshǐ 中国人民解放军军史 [History of the People's Liberation Army: Version One] (in Chinese). Jūnshì kēxué chūbǎn shè. 2010. p. 129. ISBN 9787802373815.
  20. ^ Zhang, Mingjin; Liu, Mingjin (2010). Zhōngguó rénmín jiěfàng jūn lìshǐ shàng de 200 gè jūn qū 中国人民解放军历史上的200个军区 [200 Military Regions in the History of the People's Liberation Army] (in Chinese). Beijing: Jiěfàng jūn wén yì chūbǎn shè. p. 94. ISBN 9787503322525.
  21. ^ 《Hé Lóng zhuàn》biānxiě zǔ (2007). Hé Lóng zhuàn 贺龙传 [Biography of He Long] (in Chinese). Beijing: Dāngdài Zhōngguó chūbǎn shè. p. 198. ISBN 9787800921759.
  22. ^ "天舒：庐山会议并不是毛泽东要打倒彭德怀" [Tianshu: The Lushan Conference was not Mao Zedong's attempt to overthrow Peng Dehuai]. wyzxwk.com. 2015-05-11. Retrieved 2025-09-21.
  23. ^ "关向应" [Guan Xingying]. news.dlxww.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on August 8, 2013. Retrieved 2025-09-21.
  24. ^ "关向应,从满族底层走出来的革命家（2）" [Guan Xiangying, a revolutionary who emerged from the lower classes of the Manchu people (2)]. news.hexun.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on June 8, 2019. Retrieved 2025-09-21.
  25. ^ "关向应纪念馆" [Guan Xiangying Memorial Hall]. National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China. 2013-11-05. Retrieved 2025-09-21.
  26. ^ "100位为新中国成立作出贡献的英雄模范人物" [100 heroes and role models who contributed to the founding of New China]. 12371.cn. 2009. Retrieved 5 February 2025.
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