ISO/TR 11941

ISO/TR 11941:1996 (Information and documentation — Transliteration of Korean script into Latin characters) is a Korean romanization system used in International Organization for Standardization (ISO). It is mainly used in character names in Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646.

The technical report was withdrawn in December 2013.

Transliteration rules

Consonants

Hangul Latin
Method I
(North Korea)		 Method II
(South Korea)
ㄱ k g
ㅋ kh k
ㄲ kk gg
ㄷ t d
ㅌ th t
ㄸ tt dd
ㅂ p b
ㅍ ph p
ㅃ pp bb
ㅈ c j
ㅊ ch c
ㅉ cc jj
ㅅ s
ㅆ ss
ㅎ h
ㅇ '/ng[a]
ㄴ n
ㄹ r/l[b]
ㅁ m

Vowels

Hangul Latin
ㅏ a
ㅓ eo
ㅗ o
ㅜ u
ㅡ eu
ㅣ i
ㅐ ae
ㅔ e
ㅚ oe
ㅑ ya
ㅕ yeo
ㅛ yo
ㅠ yu
ㅒ yae
ㅖ ye
ㅘ wa
ㅝ weo
ㅟ wi
ㅙ wae
ㅞ we
ㅢ yi

Apostrophe

The apostrophe (') is used for resolving ambiguity. It is used in the following cases.

  • Both Method I and Method II:
    • When ㅇ appears at the initial position of a non-initial syllable of a polysyllabic word (e.g. 앉아라 anc'ara/anj'ara)
    • When ㄲ, ㄸ, ㅃ, ㅉ, or ㅆ appears at the initial position of a non-initial syllable of a polysyllabic word (e.g. 아까 a'kka/a'gga)
  • Method I only:
    • When ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅍ, or ㅊ appears at the initial position of a non-initial syllable of a polysyllabic word (e.g. 애타다 ae'thata)

In fact, the above rules are always applied; they are applied even when there is no ambiguity (e.g. 아이 a'i, 흰떡 hyin'tteok/hyin'ddeog).

In character names in Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646

In Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646, both Method I and Method II are used for character names.

  • Method I: characters in the Hangul Jamo and Hangul Compatibility Jamo blocks (e.g. U+1103 ᄃ HANGUL CHOSEONG TIKEUT (디귿), U+3148 ㅈ HANGUL LETTER CIEUC (지읒))
  • Method II: characters in the Hangul Syllables block (e.g. U+AF43 꽃 HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOC)

As the apostrophe is not allowed in character names, it is always omitted. For example, 옛이응 is yes'i'eung in ISO/TR 11941, but YESIEUNG in Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646 (e.g. U+114C ᅌ HANGUL CHOSEONG YESIEUNG).

Notes

  1. ^ Not transliterated word-initially, ' (apostrophe) as a syllabic initial (always, except word-initially; e.g. 아이 a'i), ng as a syllabic final (e.g. 방 pang/bang).
  2. ^ r as a syllabic initial, l as a syllabic final (e.g. 를 reul).


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