Iron(II) glycinate

Iron(II) glycinate
Structure of the dihydrate
Names
IUPAC name
bis(2-aminoacetate);iron(2+)
Other names
  • Ferrous glycinate
  • Iron(II) bisglycinate
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
DrugBank
ECHA InfoCard 100.121.808
EC Number
  • 606-444-7
UNII
  • InChI=1S/2C2H5NO2.Fe/c2*3-1-2(4)5;/h2*1,3H2,(H,4,5);/q;;+2/p-2
    Key: GIPOFCXYHMWROH-UHFFFAOYSA-L
  • C(C(=O)[O-])N.C(C(=O)[O-])N.[Fe+2]
Properties
C4H8FeN2O4
Molar mass 203.963 g·mol−1
Hazards
GHS labelling:[1]
GHS07: Exclamation markGHS09: Environmental hazard
Warning
H302, H312, H315, H319, H332, H400
P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P391, P501
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
2800 mg kg−1 (oral, rat)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Infobox references

Iron(II) glycinate refers to an iron complex of glycinate. Such species are transition metal amino acid complexes. Some compositions are used as dietary supplements and in food fortification in the place of other sources of iron, often under the trademark Ferrochel.[1] It is sometimes sold as a hydrochloride salt.[2]

Structure

The structure of one glycinate complex of iron(II) has been determined by X-ray crystallography. The octahedral complex features two bidentate glycinate ligands as well as two aquo ligands.[3]

Synthesis

Iron(II) glycinate is claimed to form when iron powder is treated with a two-fold molar excess of glycine in a citric acid solution. The citric acid acts as an antioxidant to prevent oxidation of Fe(II) to the more insoluble and therefore less bioavailable Fe(III) form:[4][5]

Fe + 2 H2NCH2COOH → Fe(H2NCH2COO)2 + H2

Commercial formulations retain the citric acid as a preservative, and include silicon dioxide (0.01%) and maltodextrin (2%).[4]

Safety

Since 2001, iron(II) glycinate has been generally regarded as safe by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), with a No Observable Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) of at least 500 mg kg-1 rat body weight.[6][7] Compared to other iron salts, such as iron sulfate, it is associated with fewer adverse gastrointestinal effects and a higher bioavailability.[8][9][10] For these reasons, it is a promising supplement for those with iron-deficieny anaemia, and has shown significant increases in plasma ferritin, a protein that stores iron.[11]

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has evaluated ferrous bisglycinate for use in foods and supplements.[4]

References

  1. ^ United States Patent and Trademark Office. “FERROCHEL” trademark registration, Albion Laboratories, Inc.
  2. ^ PubChem. "Ferrous bisglycinate hydrochloride". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2026-01-09.
  3. ^ Jungen, Stefan; Chen, Peter (2018). "Alkyl Radical Generation by an Intramolecular Homolytic Substitution Reaction between Iron(II) and Trialkylsulfonium Groups". Chemistry – A European Journal. 24 (43): 11008–11020. Bibcode:2018ChEuJ..2411008J. doi:10.1002/chem.201801952. hdl:20.500.11850/281869. PMID 29768681.
  4. ^ a b c EFSA AFC Panel (2006). Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food (AFC) related to ferrous bisglycinate as a source of iron for use in the manufacturing of foods and in food supplements. EFSA Journal 4(1):299, 1–17. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2006.299.
  5. ^ Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. “Chemical and Technical Assessment: Ferrous Glycinate (Processed with Citric Acid).” Prepared for the Sixty-First Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), first draft by Inge Meyland, 2004.
  6. ^ "GRAS Notices". hfpappexternal.fda.gov. Retrieved 2026-01-09.
  7. ^ Jeppsen, R. B. (2001). "Toxicology and safety of Ferrochel and other iron amino acid chelates". Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutricion. 51 (1 Suppl 1): 26–34. ISSN 0004-0622. PMID 11688078.
  8. ^ Fischer, Jordie A. J.; Cherian, Arlin M.; Bone, Jeffrey N.; Karakochuk, Crystal D. (2023-07-10). "The effects of oral ferrous bisglycinate supplementation on hemoglobin and ferritin concentrations in adults and children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Nutrition Reviews. 81 (8): 904–920. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuac106. ISSN 1753-4887. PMC 10331582. PMID 36728680.
  9. ^ Olivares, M.; Pizarro, F. (2001). "Bioavailability of iron bis-glycinate chelate in water". Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutricion. 51 (1 Suppl 1): 22–25. ISSN 0004-0622. PMID 11688077.
  10. ^ Milman, Nils; Jønsson, Lisbeth; Dyre, Pernille; Pedersen, Palle Lyngsie; Larsen, Lise Grupe (2014). "Ferrous bisglycinate 25 mg iron is as effective as ferrous sulfate 50 mg iron in the prophylaxis of iron deficiency and anemia during pregnancy in a randomized trial". Journal of Perinatal Medicine. 42 (2): 197–206. doi:10.1515/jpm-2013-0153. ISSN 1619-3997. PMID 24152889.
  11. ^ Pineda, O.; Ashmead, H. D. (2001). "Effectiveness of treatment of iron-deficiency anemia in infants and young children with ferrous bis-glycinate chelate". Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 17 (5): 381–384. doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(01)00519-6. ISSN 0899-9007. PMID 11377130.
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