Kunshan
Kunshan
昆山市 | |
|---|---|
 Zhouzhuang, Kunshan | |
  Kunshan Location in Jiangsu  Kunshan Kunshan (Jiangsu) | |
| Coordinates: 31°19′19″N 120°59′06″E / 31.322°N 120.985°E | |
| Country | China |
| Province | Jiangsu |
| Prefecture-level city | Suzhou |
| Government | |
| • Party Secretary | Yao Linrong (姚林荣) |
| • Mayor | Du Xiaogang (杜小刚) |
| Area | |
| 927.68 km2 (358.18 sq mi) | |
| Population (2020
[1]) | |
| 2,092,496 | |
| • Density | 2,255.6/km2 (5,842.0/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 1,652,159 |
| • Rural | 440,337 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 215300 |
| Area code | 0512 |
| Vehicle registration plates | 苏EM, 苏EP, 苏EN, 苏EX |
| Website | www |
| Kunshan | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Kunshan | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 崑山 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 昆山 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Kunshan is a county-level city in southeastern Jiangsu province with Shanghai bordering its eastern border. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Suzhou.
History
Imperial Era
During the Han Dynasty, Lou (婁) County was established,[2] named after the Lou River (present-day Liu River: 瀏河) which flowed from west to east through the region.[3][4] It was briefly renamed Louzhi (婁治) during the Xin Dynasty under Wang Mang. In 220 AD, Zhang Zhao of Eastern Wu, was enfeoffed as the Marquess of Lou, making the area the Marquessate of Lou. Following several administrative transitions, it was renamed Xinyi (信義) in the 5th century, with the administrative seat eventually relocating near Mount Kun (Kunshan). In 774, a district school was established in Kunshan.
Following the fall of the Wu-Yue Kingdom, the Kunshan area remained sparsely populated. By the reign of Emperor Renzong of the Song dynasty, agriculture was still in a rudimentary state with unrestricted land occupation.[5]
In the late medieval period, the marshlands surrounding the county seat served as hideouts for outlaws and salt smugglers.[6] In 1217, Jiading County was partitioned from the eastern Kunshan. Prominent wealthy figures, such as Shen Wansan and Gu Ying, emerged in the area during the Yuan dynasty.[7]
In 1497, Taicang Subprefecture was established from portions of Kunshan, Changshu, and Jiading. The region produced Ming-dynasty scholar-officials Gu Dingchen and Gui Youguang. During this period, Wei Liangfu reformed the musical structure of Kunshan melody (Kunqiang). The genre was subsequently adapted into a dramatic form Kunqu by local gentry such as Liang Chenyu, leading to its national dissemination.
During the Ming-Qing transition, Kunshan suffered a brutal massacre by Qing forces, resulting in over 10,000 deaths.[8][9] Notable local loyalists and scholars from this period include Gu Yanwu and Zhu Yongchun.
During the Qing Dynasty, Xu Qianxue established a massive private library: Chuanshi Library in the county.[10] In 1724, due to its dense population, Kunshan was split into two counties: Kunshan and Xinyang (新陽) to share a same walled city. By the mid-Qing period, market towns such as Siqiao, Shipu, Qiuxu, and Penglang rose to prominence.[11]
Modern Period
In 1860, the Taiping Army captured Kunshan. In 1863, Charles George Gordon moved the headquarters of the Ever Victorious Army from Songjiang to Kunshan. During the Taiping Rebellion, Kunshan and Xinyang were among the most severely devastated areas in Southern Jiangsu.
In 1908, the Zikawei Observatory was forced to relocate its terrestrial magnetism station to Lujiabang (Lukiapang) in southeastern Kunshan, due to electromagnetic interference from Shanghai's trams.[12] In the same year, the Shanghai-Nanjing Railway opened and established a station in Kunshan.
In 1912, Xinyang County was merged back into Kunshan. During 1911-2, 130 local villages formed an alliance to protest rents.[13] A 1920s survey indicated that local social polarization intensified as landownership concentrated; landless tenant farmers rose from 57% in 1905 to 77% by 1924, with 66.4% of them indebted to their landlords. Additionally, 65.9% of landlords were absentees residing in cities like Suzhou and Shanghai.[14]
In 1926, National Association of Vocational Education of China selected Xugongqiao of Kunshan as an experimental zone for rural reconstruction.[15] Despite its intellectual legacy, Liang Shuming criticized the experiment for relying too heavily on gentry elites and failing to mobilize the broader peasantry, leading to a very low actual participation rate.[16]
During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Beijing-Shanghai Garrison Command relocated to Kunshan on August 23, 1937. On November 15, Japanese forces occupied the city, maintaining control until August 1945. In 1948, the local government implemented rent reductions to curb Communist expansion.[13] On May 13, 1949, the People's Liberation Army entered the county seat.[17]
Contemporary Development
Historically, Kunshan was one of the areas most severely afflicted by schistosomiasis (snail fever) in China. A 1970 census revealed a staggering infection rate of 47.5%, with 178,642 confirmed cases out of a total population of 376,010.[18] Following large-scale medical treatment and intensive "snail eradication" campaigns in the early 1970s, the county successfully reduced the infection rate to 3% by 1977.[19] Kunshan officially declared the elimination of new local infections in 1986.[20]
In the late 20th century, Kunshan pivoted toward an export-oriented economy by establishing a development zone through self-raised funds. In September 1989, Kunshan was officially upgraded from a county to a county-level city. Once the most important group of enterprises in Kunshan, town and village-level industries together comprised 69.8 percent of the 2,205 industrial enterprises and 58.5 percent of the gross value of industrial output in 1996.[21]
Prior to China mainland's accession to the WTO in 2001, over 900 Taiwanese enterprises had settled in the city, with contracted investment exceeding $5.4 billion USD, representing approximately one-tenth of the total contracted Taiwanese investment in mainland China at the time.[22]
Administration
Kunshan is divided into several towns and development areas:[23]
- Yushan (玉山镇, the seat of city nominally)
- Bacheng (巴城镇)
- Dianshanhu (淀山湖镇)
- Huaqiao (花桥镇)
- Jinxi (锦溪镇)
- Lujia (陆家镇)
- Qiandeng (千灯镇)
- Penglang (蓬朗)
- Zhangpu (张浦镇)
- Zhoushi (周市镇)
- Zhouzhuang (周庄)
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Kunshan New & Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone (昆山高新技术产业开发区, KSND) administering the main part of Yushan functions as the seat of the city, while Huaqiao Economic Development Zone (花桥经济开发区) administers the north of Huaqiao and Kunshan Economic & Technological Development Zone (昆山经济技术开发区, KETD) administers the east of Yushan.
On July 10, 2018, the Jiangsu Provincial Government approved the Master Plan of Kunshan for Urban Development (2017-2035), which is based on the master plan of the Xiong'an New Area. These zones include the Qingyang Port Waterfront City Center, the Duke Creative Park, the Kunshan South Gateway, the Chaoyang Road CBD and the Tinglin Park Traditional Culture Zone—in addition to the Line 11 Rail Line Corridor.[24]
Qingyang Port Waterfront City Center[24]
Covering an area of 3.4 km2, the area is located in Kunshan's city center. Planned as an ecological, cultural and smart area, it will include six zones—a media port, a cultural oasis, an urban lifestyle community, a waterfront park, a futuristic life experience center, and a youth entrepreneurship park. The area is designed to be a waterfront space that will enrich and diversify citizens' urban life as the most environmentally attractive and economically prosperous hub in the city.
Duke Creative Park[24]
The park is located west of the city's technology innovation cluster, covering an area of 3.84 km2. It sits nearby three lakes, two industrial parks, and a town. With the support of Duke Kunshan University, the area will host the Sino-US (Kunshan) Technology Innovation Center and serve as a mixed-used project integrating R&D centers, business services, and an ecological park. It aims to become a global magnet for technology entrepreneurs and innovators.
Kunshan South Gateway[24]
The area is located around the city's high-speed railway station, with an area of 1.6 km2. While serving as a transportation hub integrating high-speed trains, rail transportation, and public buses, the area will develop businesses such as office spaces for lease, business services and recruitment agencies. As an open, innovative modern gateway, the area will become an important business cluster in the inter-city economic belt of Shanghai and Nanjing.
Chaoyang Road CBD[24]
The CBD covers an area of 5.55 km2 in the old city center of Kunshan. The area will be furnished with enhanced amenities and infrastructure according to a plan featuring "one ring, two axes, three centers and four zones". The project aims to revive and transform the old city center into an exquisite and livable model business district.
Tinglin Park Traditional Culture Zone[24]
The zone is located at the foot of Yufeng Mountain, with a planned area of 0.73 km2. It is designed with cultural and art parks, culture-oriented businesses and ecological and leisure facilities. It will epitomize the natural beauty and cultural richness of the city.
Suzhou Metro Line 11[24]
Line 11 of the Suzhou Metro is a 41 km long underground line with 28 stops. The line passes by all the major zones of the city and was designed to significantly alleviate local traffic congestion. The project is integrated with the surface transportation system and serves as a strong boost to the city's renewal.
Geography
Topography
The area is relatively flat, but there is a gentle slope stretching from the south-east to north-west. The northern part consists of dense polder, while the southern part is dotted with various lakes. The major lakes are Dianshan Lake, Yangcheng Lake, Cheng Lake and Kuilei Lake. The Wusong River winds through the city, while smaller rivers criss-cross it in a grid pattern.
Climate
| Climate data for Kunshan, elevation 3 m (9.8 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1977–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 21.7 (71.1) |
26.4 (79.5) |
33.1 (91.6) |
33.3 (91.9) |
35.6 (96.1) |
37.1 (98.8) |
38.6 (101.5) |
40.6 (105.1) |
37.6 (99.7) |
32.5 (90.5) |
27.7 (81.9) |
22.5 (72.5) |
40.6 (105.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.0 (46.4) |
10.3 (50.5) |
14.6 (58.3) |
20.6 (69.1) |
25.8 (78.4) |
28.5 (83.3) |
32.7 (90.9) |
32.2 (90.0) |
28.2 (82.8) |
23.2 (73.8) |
17.4 (63.3) |
10.8 (51.4) |
21.0 (69.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.3 (39.7) |
6.1 (43.0) |
10.2 (50.4) |
15.8 (60.4) |
21.1 (70.0) |
24.6 (76.3) |
28.8 (83.8) |
28.4 (83.1) |
24.3 (75.7) |
18.9 (66.0) |
13.2 (55.8) |
6.8 (44.2) |
16.9 (62.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.4 (34.5) |
2.9 (37.2) |
6.6 (43.9) |
11.8 (53.2) |
17.2 (63.0) |
21.5 (70.7) |
25.7 (78.3) |
25.5 (77.9) |
21.2 (70.2) |
15.4 (59.7) |
9.7 (49.5) |
3.5 (38.3) |
13.5 (56.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −11.7 (10.9) |
−6.9 (19.6) |
−3.7 (25.3) |
0.0 (32.0) |
6.8 (44.2) |
12.3 (54.1) |
18.6 (65.5) |
16.6 (61.9) |
10.5 (50.9) |
2.5 (36.5) |
−2.7 (27.1) |
−7.9 (17.8) |
−11.7 (10.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 67.5 (2.66) |
62.7 (2.47) |
86.7 (3.41) |
78.4 (3.09) |
92.3 (3.63) |
198.6 (7.82) |
152.1 (5.99) |
182.3 (7.18) |
101.2 (3.98) |
66.5 (2.62) |
56.3 (2.22) |
45.1 (1.78) |
1,189.7 (46.85) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 10.4 | 10.0 | 11.9 | 10.9 | 11.0 | 13.7 | 11.8 | 12.4 | 9.0 | 7.5 | 8.5 | 8.4 | 125.5 |
| Average snowy days | 2.6 | 1.9 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 6.1 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 76 | 75 | 73 | 72 | 72 | 80 | 79 | 80 | 79 | 76 | 75 | 73 | 76 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 116.2 | 118.1 | 142.4 | 165.4 | 175.7 | 128.8 | 193.4 | 192.5 | 163.3 | 163.1 | 135.6 | 132.6 | 1,827.1 |
| Percentage possible sunshine | 36 | 38 | 38 | 43 | 41 | 30 | 45 | 47 | 44 | 47 | 43 | 42 | 41 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration[25][26] September Record High[27] all-time extreme[28][29] | |||||||||||||
According to an analysis of the local meteorological bureau, from 1961 to 2008, the annual and seasonal air temperatures were the increasing trends, especially in spring. The total precipitation remained static relatively, however, much concentrated in summer and winter.[30]
Economy
The composition of local GDP have changed drastically since 1978. In 1978, the primary sector, the secondary sector and the tertiary sector accounted for 51.4%, 28.9% and 19.7% of Kunshan's GDP, respectively. However, in 2015, the primary sector only accounted for 0.9% of Kunshan's GDP, while the secondary sector accounted for 55.1% and the tertiary sector accounted for 44.0%.[31] Kunshan is also home to over 1,000 hi-tech companies that have helped shape the city's four economic pillars—optoelectronics, semiconductors, intelligent manufacturing, and RNAi and biomedicine.[24]
The total GDP of Kunshan was 316 billion RMB,[32] the highest of any Chinese county-level city in 2016.[33]
Kunshan is also home to many Taiwanese who have invested over the decades since the reform and opening up in the late 70s.[34] Kunshan is also known as "Little Taiwan" because of the large Taiwanese community there.[34] In 2020, there were more than 100,000 Taiwanese people in Kunshan.[35]
The Chinese subsidiary of American Megatrends, American Megatrends Information Technology (Kunshan) Co., Ltd. (安迈信息科技（昆山）有限公司), has its headquarters in Kunshan.[36]
Culture
Kunqu Opera
Kunshan is the origin of Kunqu, also known as Kunqu opera. Kunqu is one of the oldest extant forms of Chinese opera. It evolved from the local melody of Kunshan, and subsequently came to dominate Chinese theater from the 16th to the 18th centuries. Today, Kunqu is performed in many cities in China.
Kunshan Culture & Art Center
Kunshan Culture & Art Center, situated west of downtown, is usually used as the venue for considerable local performances and conventions. The center is composed of a performing arts center, a convention center, a movie theater. Its first phase of the project is set in about 17.6 acres of land.[37]
Cuisine
Kunshan is known for its Yangcheng Lake hairy crabs, which are prized for their sweet flesh and fatty roe. Yangcheng Lake, famous for its hairy crabs, is located in Kunshan.[38]
Recreation and tourism
Kunshan is one of the most visited tourist destinations among the Yangtze River Delta with over 20 million visits in 2016.[39]
The 2013 World Cyber Games were held in Kunshan in order to draw in tourism and positive press.[40]
-
Zhouzhuang Ancient Town -
Qiandeng Ancient Town -
Jinxi Ancient Town -
-
Bacheng Water Town
Education
There are two institutions in Kunshan issuing at least bachelor's degree:
- Duke Kunshan University
- Applied Technology College of Soochow University
The city also hosts a variety of primary and secondary schools, both public and private:
- Canadian International School Kunshan[41]
- Kunshan Middle School[42]
- Kunshan West High School[43]
- Kunshan Zhenchuan High School
Transportation
Road
Expressways
- G2 Beijing–Shanghai Expressway
- G1501 Shanghai Ring Expressway
- S5 Changshu–Jiaxing Expressway
- S48 Shanghai–Yixing Expressway
- S58 Shanghai–Changzhou Expressway
National Highway
Railway
- Kunshan Railway Station is a railway station on Jinghu Railway situated in the south of the downtown. It principally handles freight.
- Kunshan South Railway Station is a junction where Beijing-Shanghai High-Speed Railway and Shanghai–Nanjing Intercity High-Speed Railway link at. Besides, both Yangcheng Lake Railway Station and Huaqiao Railway Station are on the Shanghai–Nanjing Intercity High-Speed Railway.
Metro
A plan made to construct two metro lines running through the city center was approved by the Jiangsu provincial government.[44][45] Kunshan is the first county-level city with a metro line. Line 11, Shanghai Metro has been extended to Huaqiao, Kunshan in 2013. Line 11 of the Suzhou Metro opened in June 2023.
Notable people
Literature
- Einar Tangen: Cities of China – Kunshan. The Kunshan Way. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 2010; ISBN 978-7-119-06432-1.
References
Citations
- ^ "Kūnshān Shì (County-level City, China) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 2024-11-20.
- ^ Milburn 2015, p. 121.
- ^ Zhenhe, Zhou (2017). 中国行政区划通史-三国两晋南朝卷 [General History of Administrative Divisions in China: Volume on the Three Kingdoms, Jin, and Southern Dynasties] (in Chinese). Fudan University Press. ISBN 978-7-309-12680-8.
- ^ Wang, Yong (2021). Han Jin Nan chao Chang jiang zhong xia you huan jing yu nong ye fa zhan (Di 1 ban ed.). Bei jing: Zhong hua shu ju. ISBN 978-7-101-15326-2.
- ^ Shiba, Yoshinobu (1988). 宋代江南経済史の研究 [Studies in the economy of the lower Yangtze in the Sung]. Tōkyō Daigaku Tōyō Bunka Kenkyūjo hōkoku (in Japanese). Tokyo: Kyūko Shoin. ISBN 978-4-7629-2359-3.
- ^ Milburn 2015, p. 239.
- ^ Marme, Michael (2005). Suzhou: where the goods of all the provinces converge. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-4517-8.
- ^ Wakeman, Frederic E. (1985). The great enterprise: the Manchu reconstruction of imperial order in seventeenth-century China. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.
- ^ Gu, Cheng (2022). 南明史 [History of the Southern Ming] (in Chinese). Beijing Daily Press. ISBN 978-7-5477-4022-4.
- ^ Elman, Benjamin A. (2001). From philosophy to philology: intellectual and social aspects of change in late Imperial China. Los Angeles: Univ of California Los Angeles. ISBN 978-1-883191-05-4.
- ^ Cao, Shu Ji (2024). The population history of China (1368-1953). The quantitative economic history of China. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-68265-8.
- ^ de Moidrey, Joseph (1910). "L'Observatoire de Lukiapang". Ciel et Terre (in French). 31: 189.
- ^ a b Bernhardt, Kathryn (1992). Rents, taxes, and peasant resistance: the lower Yangzi region, 1840-1950. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1880-6.
- ^ Chiao, Chi-ming (1931). 江蘇昆山南通安徽宿縣農佃制度之比較及改良農佃問題之建議 [A Comparison of the Tenancy System in Nantung and Kunshan in Kiangsu Province, and Suhsien in Anhwei Province] (PDF). Bulletin No. 49 (in Chinese). Nanjing: College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Nanking.
- ^ Liu, Chang (2007). Peasants and revolution in rural China: rural political change in the North China plain and the Yangzi delta, 1850-1949. Routledge studies on the Chinese economy. London ; New York: Routledge. pp. 135–6. ISBN 978-0-415-42176-8.
- ^ Liang, Shuming (2005). 梁漱溟全集 [The Complete Works of Liang Shuming]. Vol. 2. Jinan: Shandong People's Publishing House. ISBN 978-7-209-00391-9.
- ^ Wang 1990, pp. 11–68.
- ^ Wang 1990, pp. 755–73.
- ^ Wiemer, Calla (1987-04-01). "Optimal disease control through combined use of preventive and curative measures". Journal of Development Economics. 25 (2): 301–319. doi:10.1016/0304-3878(87)90087-3. ISSN 0304-3878.
- ^ Wu, Shengwei (1995). 昆山市血防志 [Kunshan Chronicles of Schistosomiasis Control] (in Chinese). 昆山市血防志编纂委员会. Shanghai Scientific and Technological Literature Publishing House. ISBN 978-7-5439-0858-1.
- ^ Marton, Andrew M., ed. (1998). Urbanization in China's lower Yangzi delta: transactional relations and the repositioning of locality. EAI occasional paper. Singapore s.l: World Scientific Pub Singapore University Press. ISBN 978-981-02-3757-8.
- ^ "Business trumps politics". The Economist. 360 (8232): 44. 2001-07-28. ISSN 0013-0613.
- ^ "Development Zones and Towns". Kunshan Municipal People's Government. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Kunshan releases "Five Zones, One Line" plan for urban renewal". Retrieved 2018-11-17.
- ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
- ^ 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
- ^ "Sina Visitor System" 【高温】今天浙江站点包揽高温榜前十，包括杭州在内，江浙沪有11站打破9月最高气流纪录，诸暨为观测史最晚40℃。未来因为北方有冷空气南下，南边有台风上来，副热带高压腹背受敌，有所减弱，未来5天的高温区也会缩减。不过明天高温还是不少，南昌会继续刷新全年高温日数最多纪录，杭州明天预计最高39℃，有可能出现纪录双响炮——连续36天高温破观测史最长纪录，刷新今天刚创造的9月最高气温纪录。 (in Simplified Chinese). weatherman_信欣 on Weibo. Retrieved 13 September 2025.
- ^ "数解苏州"强寒潮"！". Retrieved 31 December 2025.
- ^ "苏州高温热浪持续！强度为2013年以来罕见..." Retrieved 31 December 2025.
- ^ "Characteristics of climate change from 1961 to 2008 in Kunshan, Jiangsu province". Journal of Meteorology and Environment. 26 (5): 53–56. 2010.
- ^ "Kunshan Statistic Yearbook (2015)". Archived from the original on 2018-01-22. Retrieved 2017-06-22.
- ^ "Main Economic Indicators of Kunshan (Jan-Dec 2016)".
- ^ "Release of Scientific Development Index of Studies of Small to Medium Sized City in China 2017".
- ^ a b Chien, Shiuh-Shen & Zhao, Litao. (2008). The Kunshan Model: Learning from Taiwanese Investors. Built Environment. 34. 427-443. 10.2148/benv.34.4.427.
- ^ "Why commercial ties between Taiwan and China are beginning to fray". The Economist. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2020-11-22.
- ^ "International Offices." American Megatrends. Retrieved on February 17, 2019. "China: 安迈信息科技（昆山）有限公司 江苏省昆山市长江中路198号1号楼2101室 安迈信息科技（昆山）有限公司， 邮编215301 (American Megatrends Information Technology (Kunshan) Co., Ltd., Room 2101, Building 1, No. 198, Changjiang Middle Road, Kunshan City, Jiangsu, China 215301)"
- ^ "Kunshan Culture & Art Center". www.ks.gov.cn.
- ^ "Chinese Takeout: The "Cult of Crab" Surrounding Yangcheng Lake". RADII | Stories from the center of China’s youth culture. 2019-10-10. Retrieved 2022-06-25.
- ^ 昆山：2016年昆山接待游客突破2000万人次. www.jstour.gov.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-03-07. Retrieved 2017-06-21.
- ^ Szablewicz, Marcella (March 2016). "China's E-Sports Paradox". Slate Magazine.
- ^ "Home - CISK". www.ciskunshan.org. Retrieved 2018-11-17.
- ^ "Kunshan Middle School Proposal / United Design Group". ArchDaily. 2013-01-24. Retrieved 2018-11-17.
- ^ "Kunshan West High School Master Plan | Kunshan China | Integrated Planning and Design". World Landscape Architecture. 2013-07-24. Retrieved 2018-11-17.
- ^ "省政府关于昆山市城市总体规划的批复". Archived from the original on September 30, 2011. Retrieved 2012-03-13.
- ^ "昆山市城市总体规划 (2009—2030)". Archived from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
Sources
- Wang, Daowei, ed. (1990). 《昆山县志》 [Kunshan County Chorography] (in Chinese). Shanghai: Shanghai People's Publishing House. ISBN 7-80519-404-1.
- Milburn, Olivia (2015). Urbanization in early and medieval China: gazetteers for the city of Suzhou. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-99460-4.
External links
- City of Kunshan
- City of Kunshan (in Chinese)
- Kunshan City English guide (Jiangsu.net)
- Kunshan City Guide Archived 2017-08-01 at the Wayback Machine
- Kunshan Leaps to the Head of China's Top 10 Richest Counties Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
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