Ogier the Dane

"Holger Danske" redirects here. For other uses, see Holger Danske (disambiguation).
Ogier the Dane
Matter of France character
Hans Peder Pedersen-Dan's statue of Holger Danske in the casemates at castle Kronborg
First appearanceThe Song of Roland
Based onAutcharius Francus, Adalgis, Othgerius Francus
In-universe information
OccupationKnight (paladin)
WeaponCortain
Familyfather: Gaufroi (var. Gaudefroy, Geoffroy, Geoffroi). mother: Passerose,[2] Danemonde,[4] Gloriande.[5] step-mother: Belissent[8]
Spousedaughter of castellan of Saint-Omer (Mahaut[9], Guymer,[10] Belicène[11]); daughter of king of England (Clarice)
Significant otherMorgan le Fay
ChildrenBaudouin
NationalityDanish

Ogier the Dane (French: Ogier le Danois, Ogier de Danemarche; Danish: Holger Danske) is a legendary paladin of Charlemagne who appears in many Old French chansons de geste. In particular, he features as the protagonist in La Chevalerie Ogier (c. 1220), which belongs to the Geste de Doon de Mayence ("cycle of the rebellious vassals"; Doon is Ogier's grandfather).[12][13]

The first part of this epic, the enfance[s] (childhood exploits) of Ogier, is marked by his interrupted duel against the courteous Saracen king Caraheu, from whom he obtains the sword Cortain, to fight a fresh Saracen opponent Brunamont, whom he beats to win the horse Broiefort.

In the second part occurs the momentous scene of Prince Charlot killing his son Baudouin over a chess match,[a][b][c][d] turning Ogier into a rebel with cause, seeking refuge with the King of Lombardy and warring with Charlemagne for many years, until the part (9th and 10th branches the epic), where he is eventually reconciled when a dire need for him emerges after another Saracen incursion. Ogier loses his beloved old horse in battle, but conquers Bauçant from his opponent (cf. § Horses and equipment)

His character is a composite based on an historical Autcharius Francus who was aligned with king Desiderius of Lombardy against Charlemagne. The legend of a certain Othgerius buried in Meaux is also incorporated into the Chevalerie.

In the 14th century, the decasyllabic epic was expanded into a romance, now describing Ogier's further adventures in the Orient and his visit to Avalon as lover of Morgan le Fay, his return to France after centuries, and the instantaneous loss of youth when the magic of the fay's ring wears off. The introduction of the Ogier character into the Arthurian world, including his dealings with Arthur himself and the Cath Palug of Welsh lore, was also related in Jean d'Outremeuse's Mirrors of History. Later in the 14th century an Alexandrines version of the romance appeared, as well as a prose adaption printed from a few years before 1500.

In Scandinavia, he was first known as Oddgeir danski in the Old Norse prose translation of the first part of Chevalerie Karlamagnús saga III. Later he became more widely known as Holger Danske, and was given the pedigree of being Olaf son of King Gøtrik in a 16th-century Danish translation of the French romance in print. Holger Danske's fight with the savage "Burman" was sung in Danish and Swedish balladry. Holger Danske has also become a Danish folklore hero of the "Barbarossa" or sleeping hero type, and eventually a symbol of Danish identity and patriotism as well as anti-German nationalism.

Historical references

The Ogier character is generally believed to be based on Autcharius/Otker,[e] a Frankish knight who had served Carloman and escorted his widow and young children to Desiderius, King of Lombardy, but eventually surrendered to Charlemagne.[17][f] The Ogier character could also have been partly constructed from the historical Adalgis (or Adelgis, Algisus), son of Desiderius, who played a similar role.[g][22][21][23] The chanson de geste does parallel this, and Ogier does seek refuge with the Lombardian king Didier or Désier (as Desiderius is styled in French).[24]

An unrelated Othgerius (Otgerius), a benefactor buried at the Abbey of Saint Faro in Meaux in France,[h] became connected with Ogier by a work called Conversio Othgeri militis (ca. 1070–1080) written by the monks there.[17][25] This tradition is reflected in the chanson of Ogier, which states that the hero was buried at Meaux.[26]

There is no Ogier of consequence in Danish history; at least, no Ogier as such appears in Saxo Grammaticus's Gesta Danorum.[27][28] However, the Danish work Holger Danskes Krønike (1534) made Ogier into the son of King Gøtrek of Denmark[i][27][28][29] (namely Olaf son of Gøtrek,[30] mentioned by Saxo). "Olgerus, dux Daniæ" ("Olger, War-Leader of the Danes") had rebuilt the St. Martin's monastery pillaged by the Saxons in 778, according to the chronicle of this monastery at Cologne (ca. 1050). However, this is not a contemporary record and may just be poetic fiction.[18][27]

Legend in France

Ogier the Dane's first appearance (spelled Oger) in any work is in Chanson de Roland (c. 1060),[31] where he is not named as one of the douzepers (twelve peers or paladins) of Charlemagne, although he is usually one of the twelve peers in other works.[32] In the poeticized Battle of Roncevaux Pass, Ogier is assigned to be the vanguard and commands the Bavarian Army in the battle against Baligant in the later half.[33][34] He plays only a minor part in this poem, and it is unclear what becomes of him, but the Pseudo-Turpin knows of a tradition that Ogier was killed at Roncevaux.[35]

A full career of Ogier from youth to death is treated in La Chevalerie Ogier de Danemarche, a 13th-century assonanced poem of approximately 13,000 lines,[j] attributed to Raimbert de Paris, preserved in six manuscripts.[38] It relates Ogier's early years, his rebellion against Charlemagne and eventual reconciliation.[12] This is now considered a retelling.[k] Ogier in a lost original "Chevalerie Ogier primitive"[l] is thought to have fought alongside the Lombards because Charlemagne attacked at the Pope's bidding, as historically happened in the Siege of Pavia (773–74),[39] that is, there was no fighting with the Saracens (i.e. Muslims) as a prelude to this.

The legend that Ogier fought valiantly with some Saracens in his youth is the chief material of the first branch (about 3,000 lines[m]) of Raimbert's Chevalerie Ogier.[43] This is also recounted in Enfances Ogier (c. 1270), a rhymed poem of 9,229 lines by Adenet le Roi. The story of Ogier's youth develops with close similarity in these two works starting at the beginning, but they diverge at a certain point when Raimbert's version begins to be more economical with the details.[44]

In the 14th-century and subsequent versions of the romance, Ogier travels to the Avalon ruled by King Arthur and eventually becomes paramour of Morgan le Fay (the earliest known mention of her as his lover is in Brun de la Montaigne[45]). This is how the story culminates in Roman d'Ogier, a reworking in Alexandrins written in the 14th century, as well as its prose redaction retitled Ogier le Danois (Ogyer le Danois) printed in a number of editions from the late 15th century onwards.[46] The Alexandrines version may contain some vestiges of the lost 12th-century Chevalerie Ogier.[12] It is also possible[47] that Ogier the Dane has first appeared in the Arthurian context as the Saxon prince Oriolz[n] the Dane (de Danemarche), sometimes known as the Red Knight, in the 13th-century Vulgate Merlin and its English adaptation Arthour and Merlin.

There are also several texts that might be classed as "histories" which refer to Ogier. Girart d'Amiens' Charlemagne contains a variant of Ogier's enfances.[48][49] Philippe Mouskes's Chronique rimée (c. 1243) writes on Ogier's death.[50] Jean d'Outremeuse's Ly Myreur des Histors writes of Ogier's combat with the capalus (chapalu), which is a giant cat monster known from the Arthurian cycle.[51]

Horses and equipment

For Ogier's sword, see Cortain.

Broiefort

Broiefort, horse won by Ogier form his Saracen opponent Brunamont
—Lucien Laforge, in Butts, Mary (1913) Les infortunes d'Ogier le Danois[52]

In Chevalerie Ogier, Ogier wins the horse Broiefort[53][o][p] from his Saracen opponent Brunamont (cf. § Chevalerie Ogier below).[58][q] The horse is described as "all black, with a starred forehead" (cf. fig. right),[60][61] and a young foal with its teeth shed (and regrown) 4 times over.[62][64][q]

In the combat, he is provided with the sword Corte/Cortain[r] by Caraheu.

Brunamont also owned Nebuchadnezzar's helmet or sword (sword owned by Nabugodonosor) according to variant mss. of Chevalerie Ogier.[68][s]

Bauçant

Bauçant[t] is the horse which Ogier conquers from Bréhier of Africa after defeating him in a decisive duel. Ogier loses his old horse Broiefort in the process, but now gains a new warhorse[73] (cf. § Chevalerie Ogier The name means "black and white" or "piebald"[75][u]

Bulfinch's retelling mistakenly transposes the name Marchevallee here.[v] was formerly the prized horse of Noradin,[81][w] the soudan of Babylone (Cairo), but was captured by Ogier's nephew Gautier and made a gift of the horse to Ogier (cf. § Contents of the romance)

Papillon

Papillon, in the romance version of the tale, is the horse which Ogier obtains in the fairyland of Avalon. Papillon had been a prince of the luitons (lutins), but conquered by King Arthur, he was condemned to remain speechless in the form of horse for 300 years, after which he is promised to be able to wear his fairy crown once again.[82]

Legend at Meaux

Mausoleum of the Abbey of St. Faro, Meaux
View entire right half / view entire illustration (from 1735 edition).
Othgerius/Ogier is one of two reclining tomb effigies on the sarcophagus at center.
Othgerius/Ogier is one of two reclining tomb effigies on the sarcophagus at center.
―Acta Sanctorum Ordinis S. Benedicti (1677 edition)
Ogier head

A legend of Conversio Othgeri militis was invented by the monks at the abbey of Saint Faro at Meaux around 1070–1080. It claimed Othgerius Francus ("Frankish") to be the most illustrious member of Charlemagne's court after the king himself,[83] thus making him identifiable with Ogier the Dane.[x] He was buried in the abbey in a mausoleum built for him. His remains were placed in a sarcophagus lidded with his recumbent tomb effigy lying next to that of Saint Benedictus, and the chamber was enshrined with erect statues of various figures from the Charlemagne Cycle.[17][25][34] A stone head later found in Meaux was determined to be Ogier's head from comparisons with these incunabula etchings.[85] This stone head can still be viewed today.

This document was first commented on by Jean Mabillon in his Acta Sanctorum Ordinis S. Benedicti,[83] printed editions of which include a detailed illustration of the mausoleum at St. Faro. The statues at the mausoleum even included la belle Aude, affianced to Roland,[25] with one of the inscriptions there (according to Mabillon) claiming that Aude was Ogier's sister.[86][87][y] It underwent restoration in 1535 by the Italian Gabriele Simeoni.[z][88][89] That mausoleum is no longer preserved, but an illustration of the interior was printed in editions of Mabillon's Acta Sanctorum Ordinis S. Benedicti.[90][91]

Chevalerie Ogier

Ogier is the main character in the poem La Chevalerie Ogier de Danemarche (written c. 1200–1215). The work consists of twelve parts (or "branches") of varying lengths.[6][92][93][94][aa] Attributed to Raimbert de Paris, in assonant decasyllabic, edited by Barrois (1842) in 13,058 verses,[95] based on ms. B. with readings from ms. A.[36][ab]

In the first branch of the poem (sometimes referred to as the Les enfances Ogier portion[98]), (the motherless[100]) Ogier is introduced as the "forhostaged" son of Godefroy of Denmark[101]/Godfrey[102]/Gaufroi[103][ac]) in the land of Charlemagne (v. 5),[107] but as the king holds court at Saint-Omer at Easter, his envoys return from Godefroy with shaven moustaches and beards. Charles vows revenge (vv. 7–25) and confines Ogier to a castle-fort, but there he becomes intimate with the castellan's daughter, who bears him a son, named Baldwinet (Old French: Bauduinet, dim. of Baudouin).[108] The poem predicts this child is destined to be killed using by Prince Charlot,[109] alluding to the cause of later rift between Charlemagne and the grieving Ogier (vv. 26–90).[110][111][112]

Back in the palace, Charlemagne summons the castellan to bring Ogier, and vows to have Ogier dismembered in revenge of the ambassadors,[ad] and Ogier blames his father Godefroy and stepmother Belissent for his woes[111] (vv. 100–117) [ae] Ogier pleads innocence (vv. 118–), but the vassals' support (vv. 124–155)[120] and the queen's (v. 156) are to no avail.[110][111]

When Charles (Charlemagne), at the Pope's request, launches a war campaign against Saracens invading Rome, Ogier is there initially as an unarmed bystander. But when the French suffer a setback, Ogier joins the fray, seizing the flag (oriflamme[121]) and arms from a fleeing standard-bearer, Alory.[122][af] Ogier comes waving the oriflamme to succor King Charles, and for his deeds, "Ogier is knighted by the king, who girds him with his own sword".[124][125][126] Next, Ogier accepts the challenge of single combat from the Saracen warrior Karaheut of India,[ag] but enemies interrupt and abduct Ogier. Karaheut protests for Ogier's release, to no avail, and loses his engagement to the amiral's daughter Gloriande[127] (Glorianda[126]).[128] The amiral then decides his daughter should marry the brutish warrior Brunamont of Maiolgre (Mallorca), but she is unwilling, and appoints the captured Ogier as her champion to fight on her behalf. Ogier, armed with Karaheut's sword Cortain (or Corte, Cortana, etc.),[129][ah] clips off the ear, then arm, and finally cuts down Brunamont and confiscates the horse Broiefort.[53][o][p][131][132][133] Brunamont is struck dead by Oddgeir, who tied his head to the cruppers, and takes his horse,[134] i.e., Befoli. Brunamont's defeat proved decisive, the Saracens were routed, with the fleeing amiral (Corsuble) cut down dead by Naimes, and Danemon killed by Ogier.[135][136] Charles provides 60 ships, 30 barge-boats, 20 dromons loaded with goods and provision for Caraheu, Gloriande, and Sadoine to go home.[137]

Prince Charlot kills Ogier's son over chess.
—Barrois ed. (1842). Based on the painting in MS. A, BnF fr. 24403[14]

In the second branch,[ai] Ogier's son Bauduinet (Baldwinet) is slain by Charlot over a game of chess. Ogier attacks Charlot and demands his life in revenge, resulting in his banishment. Ogier is given safe haven by King Didier of Pavia[aj] in Lombardy. Ogier strengthens the fortifications at Castelfort (Chastel Fort) and Mont Quevrel in Lombardy.[138] In the subsequent branches,[ak][132][139] Ogier wars with Charlemagne (alone, after losing his squire Benoit/Bennet), enduring for seven years, then is taken prisoner for another seven years.[140][141]

After the notice that Ogier entered his 7th year of imprisonment, (vv. 9761–5)[142] the ninth branch begins,[al] and renewed attack by the Saracens, led by Brehus[143] (or Brehier[144]) forces Charlemagne to seek Ogier's help. Ogier is released, a series of tests conducted to find a horse that can bear his weight under saddle, but he crushes all of the best horses from Charlemagne'ss stable (except for Blanchart(?)[am] After all the commotion, Ogier is reunited with his old war horse Broiefort, which had been under the care of monks at St. Faro (cf. § Legend at Meaux above) (vv.9796–10380, 10381–10450).[152][71]

The warhorse is ready, but Ogier refuses to fight unless Prince Charlot's life is forfeit for murdering his son. Charlemagne is flummoxed, but receives stern advice from Duke Naimes that the fate of Christendom rests on it, and he himself had pardoned Ogier for killing his son Bertram (Bertran v. 10842). But just when Ogier was about to strike Charlot down with Cortain Archangel Michael[153] appears and stops the sword, giving Charlot only a buffet instead (vv. 10451–11038)[154][71][an][ao] Here ends the 9th branch, which the editor Barrois says is the end of the poem as originally written by Raimbert, the rest of the portion being later expansions.

In the tenth branch, Ogier actually fights the giant, King Brehier/Brehus of Africa[ap] who measures an unreal 17 feet (5.2 m) in height, bears a sword of Galant's make worth three times as much as Ogier's sword Corte.[155] and mounted on Bauçant[t] ("black and white"[75][u]). Ogier's horse Broiefort is sadly killed, but Ogier strikes off his foe's head (vv. 11039–11856).[70][71][72] Then the eleventh branch commences, where Ogier makes trophy of the horse Bauçant and other equipment (vv. 11857–11947).[157]

In the concluding branches (XI and XII), Ogier engages in a warring adventure in England, and marries the English princess whom he succors. He is granted Hainaut Province and Province of Brabant (now in Belgium) by Charlemagne. Ogier and his squire Benoit/Bennet are interred at Meaux.[158][159][160]

Adenet le roi

Adenet le Roi (d. c. 1300) composed Enfances Ogier by reworking only the first branch of the Chevalerie Ogier (upto the duel with Brunamont[162]) for the first half of his work, then crafted a second half (c. 4000 lines) not in, or rather different from Chevalerie.[161][163][aq]

Thus in Adenet, is only after the duel with Brunamont that Carahuel gives the sword Cortain to Oggier.[167][168] The subsequent kills of Corsuble by Naimes and then of Danemon by Ogier in Raimbert (cf. above)[135] is changed to Ogier killing Danemon followed by Charlemagne lodging Joyeuse in Corsuble's head Adenet. This change of sequence allows Adenet to interpose[169] a scene of Corsuble lamenting the death of his son.[170]

Adenet also elucidates a clear reason for the grievance with the Danes, namely Gaufroi of Danemarche had warred against Constance of Hungary, Charlemagne's aunt causing damages, which led to the imposition of tribute and taking of hostage. Later, when the dust settles, the ill will between the houses is mended by the double marriage of Gaufroi with Constance, and his daughter with her son.[171][172][163] Ogier's love interest, the castellan of Saint-Omer's daughter is here named Mahaut (var. Mahaus), who bears him Badouin.[9]

Decasyllabic Roman d'Ogier

Modified verse versions were produced in the 14th century. The decasyllabic remaniement[174] Roman d'Ogier appeared (31000vv., early 14th cent.[175] or c. 1310[176] or c. 1350[12]) which survived in only one unique copy (ms. P, BnF français, 1583) according to Knud Togeby.[ar][176] Since this work is more than twice the size of Chevalerie Ogier edited by Barrois, this article will treat it as a separate work of romance, in accordance with Togeby[as] The longer manuscript is expanded at the beginning by some 1370 verses, enough to indicate that the compiler intended to create "entirely new version of the story".[180] Togeby then lists the suites as "Ogier en Orient" (53 leaves, c. 6900 verses),[96] "Ogier chez la fée Morgue" (17 leaves, c. 2200 verses),[181] and "Retour d"Ogier" (60 leaves, c. 7800 verses.[86]

This reworking, needless to say, develops the plot of Ogier being invited to Avalon by Morgue la Fee (Morgan le Fay).[182] It also introduces the situation of Ogier, preserved in the youth of a 30-year old, returns from Avalon to Paris after 200 years, and is stymied like an idiot. He subsequently loses the fairy ring that maintained his youth and transforms into an old man.[183]

Alexandrine Roman d'Ogier

Later another remaniement in Alexandrines (dodecasyllables) appeared,[174] designated by Togeby as Roman d'Ogier en Alexandrins (29000vv., mid-14th cent.[175] or c. 1335 [184])[at][186] of 29,000 verses[187][au] appeared, datable to c. 1335, extant in three manuscript redactions,[av][184] plus a fourth,[189] and this too expanded upon the Chevalerie of Raimbert, by adding an Avalon adventure (about 18,000 verses).[186][190]

How the Fairies Came to See Ogier the Dane by Henry Justice Ford (1921)
"And then the sixth fairy, the youngest and the most beautiful of all, who was none other than Morgan le Fay, the Queen of Avalon, caught up the child, and danced about the room in rapturous joy."

The Alexandrine version as a whole remains unedited still today, according to the 2015 editors of the first fifteen laisses.[191]

The Alexandrine version represented an intermediate stage between the decasyllabic romance and the later prose rendering.[192] As to lineage, Doon de Mayence's eldest son Gauffroy[193] (var. Gaudeffroy)[aw] conquered the (supposedly pagan) Danemarche and took the princess Danemonde for his queen (vv. 44–52)[3][99][ax] When she became pregnant she grew so large as if she were carrying two twins, and when she died while delivering Ogier (vv. 89–97).[194][195] Gauffroy remarries with Germaine de Vanbiz (v. 109)[198][ay] (compare Belissent in both the expanded decasyllabic[199] and Raimbert's Chevalerie Ogier[200][az]). Here, Ogier's lover is named Guymer, who bears Ogier the son Badouïn out of wedlock.[10]

In the Alexandrine version, Ogier's fate with Morgan is set in motion while he is still a newborn in his crib. Six fées (fays) visit the baby, each with a gift, and Morgan's gift is longevity and life living with her.[195][203][ba] As for the other fays, Gloriande promises he'll be the finest knight in Christendom, Sagremoire[bb] that he shall miss no battle, Foramonde that he be undefeated in combat, another ("white fay with the fleur-de-lis (fee blanche con fleur de liz"[206]) fulfillment of love, Beatrix granted him the gift of sweetness and grace. Morgue vowed he would never die until after he becomes her lover.[208][210]

Ogier has an enhanced career, even becoming King of England,[bc] and when he reaches the age of 100, he is shipwrecked by Morgan so he can be conveyed to Avalon. He returns after two hundred years to save France, and is given a firebrand[bd] which must not be allowed to be burnt down for him to remain alive.[be] Ogier tries to forfeit his life after accomplishing his task but is saved by Morgan.[190][212]

Prose romance in print

The prose rendering appeared in the 15th century,.[12][213] and first printed (editio princeps) being the Lyons 1496 edition[214] by Jean de Veral,[215] probably followed y the Paris edition of Antoine Vérard (c. 1498[bf]).[220][221] There is also a third early printed issue, Paris, Petit Laurens,　also sans date,[215] but approximately dated toc. 1495.[222]

For the c. 1498 edition, there are 3 known copies printed on vellum, of which the Turin copy is particularly luxuriant,[223] and issued as a facsimile edition by Knud Togeby (1967).[224][223][225][215] The Turin exemplar is a presentation copy, printed on vellum instead of paper, and painted with full color miniatures to replace woodcuts at the beginning of each of 57 chapters. It alone has the dedicatory prologue to Louis XII,[bg] which allows for its more or less precise dating to the monarch's crowning 1498.[226][227] together with a miniature of the genuflecting Vérard presenting the book to the monarch[228][229] The copy is held by the Turin National University Library (shelfmark XV.V.183).[230] Some outer quires are handwritten in script resembling typeset to replace some leaves.[231][bh]

There are several other copies extant around the world,[232] The copy of Henry VII of England (British Library C.22.c.1/IB 41217[219]) is also on vellum, with miniatures in the style of the Master of Jacques de Besançon.[216][233] The Paris BN copy is also on vellum.[c] The Pierpont Morgan Library copy in New York is on paper, and bears a unique frontispiece of Ogier at birth.[231][bi]

Contents of the romance

The fairy-related parts of the Alexandrine romance at the beginning and later laisses were summarized by Keightley (1850) [1828].[82] Summary of the printed prose have been given by Rodolfo Renier (1891)[237]

The first chapter of the prose edition names "Gloriande, Palestine, Pharamonde, Melior, Presine, Morgue".[239][bj][242]

Ogier's meeting with the fays at birth binds his fate with Morgan the Fay who becomes his lover in Avalon at a later turn in the prose redaction,[220] as already iterated for the Alexandrine version.

Thus, in the further development of the legend, Ogier and Morgan have a son named Meurvin (or Marlyn).[243] The latter himself became the subject of a lengthy Renaissance era romance, the Histoire du Preux et Vaillant Chevalier Meurvin (1540). Meurvin's story makes Ogier an ancestor of Godfrey of Bouillon, the historical crusader king of Jerusalem.[244]

Ogier has a further career fighting the infidels (the suite "Ogier en Orient" above). There develops the situation where Ogier infiltrates as a servant for Noradin,[w] the soudan of Babylone (Cairo), is discovered, and imprisoned together with King Moisant.[247] This supplies the missing prelude to where the surviving portion of the so-called La Délivrance d'Ogier le Danois begins [bk] (i.e., the imperfect copy of the decasyllabic romance continuation), where Moisant hears the voice of the angel promising his deliverance,[248] (that sets up for his later conversion to Christianity[249]). Caraheu discovers Ogier's fate, and fetches an army led by Ogier's nephew Gautier,[250] and amidst intertwining plots,[bl][bm] who finally triumphs and takes the sultan Noradin prisoner, so that he can negotiate Ogier and Moysant's release.[256] Gautier, having also captured the sultan's horse Marchevalée, had ridden it and decided it will be a gift to his uncle Ogier,[257] so that when the sultan (Noradin) offers[258] increasingly enormous riches to ransom himself and his horse Marchevalée (escalating to 100 maidens, 100 helms, 100 gyrfalcons, etc. to the hauberk of St. George), the return of his horse is still refused.[259][261]

Thus this Marchevalée figures in the Alexandrines as the third horse (of 4) ridden by Ogier, after Bauchant.[262] It recurs in the prose printed text also, e.g. "marceualee" in the 1579 edition, from which it is seen that its owner is "Soudan Noradin" of Babylone.[81][78][bn]

Ogier already had a wife Clarice, daughter of the king of England;[264] now she has her baptized and has a marriage ceremony with her in Jerasulem, which the Christians also now control.[265] After seeing to Gautier ruling Babylone, Ogeir plans to accompany Caraheu (now baptised as Acaire) to the latter's homeland of India, but their ship is lost in tempest.[266] Their ships are separated, and Ogier's is attracted to the magnetic castle of lodestone, called the Castle Avallon.[268][bo][bp]

Legend in Scandinavia

Olger Danske's sword-execution of Karlot stopped by angel
—Hanssen, Niels ed. (1842). Olger Danskes Krønike

The early form of the chanson de geste was translated in the 13th century into Old Norse as Oddgeirs þáttr danska ("Short story of Oddgeir danski"),[270] Branch III of the Karlamagnús saga (c. 1240[271]). This third branch of the saga is somewhat similar to Adenet's version, in that it adapts the first branch of the Chevalerie Ogier up to the duel with Brunamont (Old Norse: Brunament) to form the first 45 chapters, but diverges thereafter creating its own ending for the remaining 9 chapters.[272][161]

Later, an early Danish translation or abridgement of most branches of the saga was compiled under the title Karl Magnus krønike (some ms. copies date to 1480).[273][274]

The 16th-century Olger Danskes krønike was Kristiern Pedersen's Danish translation based on the printed version of the French prose romance Ogier le Danois, which he started while in Paris in 1514–1515, probably completed during his second sojourn in 1527, and printed in 1534 in Malmö.[27][29] Pedersen also fused the romance with Danish genealogy, thus making Ogier the son of Danish king Gøtrik (Godfred).[275][276][27] The Danish version preserves, for example, the prologue of the newborn Ogier being visited by the 6 fays , except that in Pedersen's version, the fays (Danish: Feer) are replaced by Vetter (sing. vætte, i.e. "wights").[277] For the most part, the Danish adaptation follows the original French prose closely.[278]

The Danish ballad "Holger Danske og Burmand" (DgF 30, TSB E 133) recounts the fight between the hero and Burmand.[274] The ballad type is also attested in Swedish (SMB 216) and tells the story of how Holger Dansk is released from prison to fight against a troll by the name of Burman.[279][280]

Ogier in a 16th-century mural in Skævinge, Denmark

The hero's popularity led to him being depicted on 15th- and 16th-century paintings in two churches in Denmark and Sweden.[27] The Holger Danske and Burman painted on the ceiling of Floda Church in Sweden are attributed to Albertus Pictor around 1480. It also includes the text Holger Dane won victory over Burman; this is the burden of the Danish and Swedish ballad, but the painting predates other written texts for this ballad.[281][282] On the slopes of Rönneberga outside Landskrona in south Sweden (formerly a part of Denmark), there is a burial mound named after Höljer (Holger) Danske.

Modern era

The sleeping Ogier in Helen Stratton's illustration for The Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen (1899)

Ogier in Danish legend is said to dwell in Kronborg Castle, his beard grown down to the floor. He will sleep there until the day when the country of Denmark is in the greatest peril, at which time he will awaken and save the nation. This is a common folklore motif, classed as Type 1960.2, "The King Asleep in the Mountain".[283] According to the tour guides of Kronborg Castle, legend has it that Holger sat down in his present location after walking all the way from his completed battles in France. It was popularized by the short story "Holger Danske" written by Hans Christian Andersen in 1845.[284]

The 1789 opera Holger Danske, composed by F.L.Æ. Kunzen with a libretto by Jens Baggesen, had a considerable impact on Danish nationalism in the late 18th century. It spawned the literary "Holger feud", which revealed the increasing dissatisfaction among the native Danish population with the German influence on Danish society. Danish intellectual Peter Andreas Heiberg joined the feud by writing a satirical version entitled Holger Tyske ("Holger the German") ridiculing Baggesen's lyrics. Ogier is also regarded as the symbol of national identity in Bernhard Severin Ingemann's 1837 epic poem Holger Danske.[284] Vernon Lee's short story "A Wicked Voice" posits an opera called Ogier the Dane which the lead character Magnus attempts to finish under duress.[285]

Holger Danske members arresting suspected Danish collaborators during the Liberation of Denmark

During the 1940-1945 German occupation of Denmark, a patriotic presentation of Kunzen's opera in Copenhagen became a manifestation of Danish national feeling and opposition to the occupation. The largest armed group of the Danish resistance movement in World War II, Holger Danske, was named after the legend.

The Hotel Marienlyst in Helsingør commissioned a statue of Holger Danske in 1907 from the sculptor Hans Peder Pedersen-Dan. The bronze statue was outside the hotel until 2013, when it was sold and moved to Skjern.[286][287] The bronze statue was based on an original in plaster. The plaster statue was placed in the vaults at Kronborg Castle, also in Helsingør, where it became a popular attraction in its own right.[288] The plaster statue was replaced by a concrete copy in 1985.[289]

In Rudyard Kipling's poem "The Land" (1916), 'Ogier the Dane' is the archetypal name used to signify Danish invaders who have overrun Sussex. Ogier is the protagonist of The Viking (1951) by Edison Marshall, where he is portrayed as the child of Ragnar Lodbrok via his rape of the Northumbrian noblewoman Enid, mother of Aella of Northumbria; his chief rival is his paternal half-brother Hastein.[290] The protagonist of Poul Anderson's fantasy novel Three Hearts and Three Lions (1961), World War II Danish resistance member Holger Carlsen, time warps and learns that he actually is Ogier of the legend. Per Petterson's novel I Curse the River of Time (2001) has a ferry named Holger Danske.[bq] There is an Ogier story event in the strategy video game Crusader Kings II.

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ The miniature of the scene occurs in the Paris manuscript, and also a replica was printed in the Barrois edition,[14] as shown →fig. below
  2. ^ The Talbot Shrewsbury Book copy of Ogier le Danois fol. 86r-154v has a miniature features the same scene (combines "Charlemagne receiving homage" with "Baudoin is killed with a chess board") at the beginning fol. 86r, this is the only painting for this work in this manuscript. [15]
  3. ^ a b Cf. miniature of the murder of Baudouinet in the Paris copy of Vérard's prose editions, BNF, Vélins 1125, f. e 1v.[234]
  4. ^ In the Petit Laurens edition, c. 1495, a woodcut of the chess scene. An identical woodcut appears in Vérard's Merlin, having appropriated it from Jean de Vingle's edition of Ogier dated 1498, as Fabry-Tehranchi explains.[16]
  5. ^ "Autcharius" is the spelling as occurs in the Vita Hadriani (biography of Pope Adrian I in the Liber Pontificalis, "Otkerus" in a work by Notker Balbulus, a monk of St. Gall (fl. 885).[17][18]
  6. ^ Knud Togeby objected to identifying with Autcharius, and proposed Audacar who led Charlemagne's troops in Bavaria.[19][20]
  7. ^ The exploits of "Algisus" is given full account in the Chronicon novaliciense.[21]
  8. ^ Bédier's characterization was that this Othgerius had no distinction besides having donated some parcels of land to the abbey and being buried there (Voretzsch (1931), p. 209).
  9. ^ "Gøtrek" is the spelling in Pedersen & Hanssen ed. (1842) edition of the text. But there are various spellings: "Godfred",[27] etc.
  10. ^ 13,058 in the Barrois edition, less in Eusebi's edition.
  11. ^ Bédier called it a "remaniement (reworking)",[39] but this term is also used by Keller to refer to the Alexandrine version.
  12. ^ Bédier's term.[40]
  13. ^ 3102 lines in Barrois's edition.[41][42]
  14. ^ Different variants of his name include Orels, Oriels, Oriens, Orient, Orients, Orienx, Oriles, Oriol, Oriols, and Oriolts.
  15. ^ a b Prose romance spells as Broifort,[54] or Broiffort [55]
  16. ^ a b Bulfinch spells as Beiffror,[56] matching Count Tressan's spelling Beiffror,[57] (other horse names match as well).
  17. ^ a b In the saga, this horse that had belonged to Burnament is called Befoli (var. bifolen, Befolen), "which had shed its teeth four times"[59]
  18. ^ Corte (vv. 1663, 2965, 8596, etc.) in ChO, but later more usually Cortain (vv. 1860, 1883, 2701, 2828, etc.). Cf. Langlois.[65]
  19. ^ Likewise, in Karlamagnús saga III, Ch. 37 the heathen Burnament owned a "sword which had belonged to King Nebuchadnessar" (Old Norse: Nabogodonosor). Brunamont is seen armed with this sword and riding Befoli into duel against Oddgeir;[69]
  20. ^ a b Bauçant is mentioned first at v. 7321.[156]
  21. ^ a b The term bauçant signifies a pied or piebald coat, which appears to be the usage in this work, but some hold the term to mean balzan (splashed white).[76]
  22. ^ Bulfinch[77] is in concert with Tressan[77] who replaces the horse's name with Marchevallée but this is a mistake. As discussed below, Marchevalée is a horse won from a different sultan, one of Babylone (Cairo), as recounted in what used to be called the chanson de geste fragment La Délivrance d'Ogier le Danois.[78][79][80]

    Marchevalée

    Marchevalée (modernized: Marchevallée)[78][80], marceualee[81]

  23. ^ a b Noradin is the typical westernized spelling of Nur al-Din.
  24. ^ Various references cite this document ("Conversion of Othger") as being one (purportedly) about Ogier.[12] Cerf even refers to the document as Conversio Ogeri militis ("Conversion of Ogier").[84]
  25. ^ Togeby (1966), p. 113 states it differently, that the inscriptions agree with the chanson Girart de Vienne where Aude is Oliver's sister. But Mabillon can be quoted thus: "..forsan ab Auda matre, Otgerii nostri sorore, Rotlando nupta".
  26. ^ Pointed out by Philipp August Becker, citing Alexis Mallon.
  27. ^ Barrois edited the text divided into theses branches, and made the determinations on where the divisions by the dropped capital letters in one of the manuscripts (ms. B).[94]
  28. ^ Togeby counts the lines in the original Chevalerie as 13,856 verses, which the longer decasyllabic romance expands by c. 17,000 verses.[96] Poulain-Gautret counts around 13,650 lines (from the Arsenal ms. in Alexandrines).[97]
  29. ^ But the father's name Godefroy is styled Geoffroy in the mise en prose Ogier (1498)[104] and hence "Geoffroy" by Thomas Bulfinch in his retelling,[105] as well as by later commentators ("Geoffroi de Danemark", son of Don de Mayence[13] or Geoffrey, eldest son of "Doolin of Mayence".[106] The latter spellings are confusingly the same as that of "Geoffroi d'Anjou" (Joffori d'Angiers v. 335)
  30. ^ In this chanson de geste version it hardly seems killing a hostage is commensurate to shaving the facial hairs of messengers. But the prose version exacerbates the "disfigurement" into the slicing off of their lower lips and turning their noses upside-down.[113] In Count Tressan's retelling Geoffroy of Denmark mistreats the messengers with the barbarity of the scion of Odin inflicted on them, leaving them maimed (défigurés.[114] Bulfinch dispenses with the gore saying Geoffroy merely gave a defiant answer,[115] while E. M. Wilmot-Buxton's 1910 anthology tells that Godefroy "slit their ears and noses,.."[116]
  31. ^ After years have passed, the father Geoffroy of Denmark becomes derelict in paying fresh homage to Charlemagne, because he has developed new love interest and the hostaged Ogier and his dead mother Gloriande has become a fuzzy memory according to Tressan.[117] Bulfinch however describes the deliberate failure of homage on the machinations of Ogier's step-mother acting in interest for her son Guyon.[118] Note that in the interim, Ogier is having dalliances with the castellan's daughter whom Tressan calls Belicène (!).[119]
  32. ^ According to the closing chapter of the saga adaptation, "Oddgeir was his standard-bearer as long as they both lived".[123]
  33. ^ "Karaheut" in Ludlow (1865) and Voretzsch (1931), p. 209; The courtois "Karaheu" in Togeby (1969), p. 51. Langlois, Table des noms, p. 132, lists "Caraheu, Craheut, Karaheu, Karaheut, Karaheult, Kareeu". "Karahues" and "Karahuel" are also used.
  34. ^ In the saga version, Karvel supplies Oddgeir with the sword Kurtein.[130]
  35. ^ Voretzsch's Chapter 2 "La partie d'éschecs" or "the chess portion" corresponded to Branch II, vv. 3101–3472.[94]
  36. ^ Based on the historical Desiderius, as aforemetioned.
  37. ^ Branch III, vv. 3472–5864, was Voretzsch's Chapter 3. "La guerre de Lombardie", or "The War in Lombardy"; Voretzsh combined Branches IV–VIII as Chapter 5. "Castelfort" (vv. 5865–9551).[94]
  38. ^ Branch IX, vv. 9796–11040. Voretszh combines Branches IX–XII into Chapter 5, La guerre des Saxons(vv.9552–12346).[94]
  39. ^ Charlemagne's Blanchart is spared according to Bulfinch,[145] whereas, Count Tressan's retelling gives "Charles lui fit amener les plus vigoureux chevaux de son écurie, & jusqu'à Blanchard son cheval de bataille",[146] which could be construed as "up to and including Blanchart". The Chevalerie Ogier does not mention this named horse during the riding test, but a horse Charlemagne obtained from the amiral Balant was tested,[147] Note that Charlemagne did indeed receive a white horse from Balan according to Chanson d'Aspremont,[148] and that Charlemagne does in fact ride on Blanchart earlier in the earlier branches of Chevalerie Ogier[149][150][151]
  40. ^ Incunabula printed book editions of prose also preserves the angel scene: Rigaud (1579), p. 233: "Comment.. Charlemaigne fut contrainct de liurer son filz Charlot à Ogier.. &comment l'Ange ainsi qu'il vouloit coupper la teste de Charlot luy retint le bras".
  41. ^ Illustrations of the angel staying Ogier's sword hand can be fond in Gautier (1884), p. 608, Pedersen & Hanssen ed. (1842), p. 139, etc.
  42. ^ Analyse, p. xcii: L'Africain Bréhus 9796; the text tells his territory stretches from Africa, including Babylone (Cairo), to Damascus
  43. ^ Bovy (1898) for instance argued a second possibility that both Raimbert and Adenet worked off a common earlier version,[164] so that the old manuscript that Adenet pretends to have found at St. Denis, at the beginning of the poem,[165] must have been a "primitive" version[166] different from Raimbert.
  44. ^ Though an imperfect copy may be identified in the Saint-Germain-en-Laye fragment (designated ms. S fragment in Arlima.[177]) which was the base ms. for Prévost de Longpérler (1884)　La Délivrance d'Ogier le Danois.[178]
  45. ^ Even though manuscript studies still discuss the ABMDP manuscripts regardless of length as variants of the same decasyllabic Chevelerie. Arlima gives ABMDP plus fragment S as variants of Chevelerie en décasyllabes.[177] Barry Cerf also discuss ABMPV as evolution of the same work, though PV is a generation down in the branching scheme (see stemma,[179]).
  46. ^ Reworking or "refacimento" was the term employed by Pio Rajna[185] as well as by Paton (rifacimento), equivalent to French remaniement. But this means "reworking", and the term has been indiscriminately applied to other works, not necessarily the Alexandrine version.
  47. ^ For a list of excerpts and summary, see Paton (1903), p. 75 notes 2 and 7.
  48. ^ MS. P" or Paris, l'Arsenal 2985 (ant. 190-191), "L" or London, Talbot Shrewsbury Book (MS. Royal 15 E vi.), and "T" or Turin, Biblioteca Nazionale L. IV, 2, (ant. G.I.38).
  49. ^ Togeby (1969), p. 151 reads Geoffroy or Jeoffroy.
  50. ^ Ogier's mother is named Passerose in Gaufrey[1]
  51. ^ Or Togeby (1969), p. 151: Jeoffrey prend une autre femme (à qui texte n'attribue pas de nom), laquelle lui donne un fils, Guion" (Jeoffrey remarries with an unnamed woman)
  52. ^ Confusingly, in the Alexandrine Belissent is used as the name of castellan's daughter with whom Ogier engages in love, echoed by " Belicène" in Verard's 1498 printed prose romance. Also Belicène in Tressan[119] and Belicene in Bulfinch.[201]
  53. ^ Hist. Litt. France (1842) ascribed the addition of the fairies at Ogier's crib to Italian writers in the XVth century.[171]
  54. ^ Reading emended to Sagremone by modern editors, though not completely outruling Meyer's reading.[204] The digitalized page at BnF can be consulted.[205]
  55. ^ He does rescue and marry the daughter of the king of England in the older version.
  56. ^ French: tison.[211]
  57. ^ Ward notes the firebrand is a motif seen in the legend of Meleager.
  58. ^ Sans date,[215][216] but date certified by its dedication to Louis XII upon his crowning.[217] But technically, the terminus ante quem is October 1499,[218] and the USTC lists it as [1499].[219]
  59. ^ Prologue ; also transcribed by the Nouveau Repertoire ed. Timelli et al.[215]
  60. ^ So it is partly handcopied manuscript. Not to be confused with the ms. of Alexandrine poem also held by the same Turin institution.
  61. ^ This woodcut is reproduced in the Catalog vol. II (1907) as pointed out by Winn, captioned "the cradling of Ogier".[235] Thus this copy 58 illustrations from 13 woodcuts,[236] that is to say, the archetypical scenes of Baudouin's murder and the angel's stoppage of sword are used only once, but the mélée or duel woodcuts are reused several times, or more than dozen times over.[235]
  62. ^ However, Togeby states the names occur as "Gloriante, etc. [rest same as above]",[240] and Renier concurs on "Gloriante" spelling where in lieu of giving chapter 1 title, paraphrases its content in Italian.[241]
  63. ^ Touched upon in annotation above re Marchevalée.
  64. ^ One side story has Ogier's younger brother Guyon leaving Denmark hoping to meet Ogier in Acre but betrayed by the Knights Templar and handed over to the custody of King Murgalant in Jerusalem.[251][246]
  65. ^ Another side story is that Gautier is in mutual love with Moysant's daughter Clarette-Clarice ("Clarette" in poem changed to Clarice,[252] but latter confusing with Ogier's wife's name.[253]), who gets Christianized.[254][255][246]
  66. ^ This is echoed in the Danish translation, where Holger Danske whose mounts were: "Briford, killed by Sultan Bruher, Bussant, lost on Rhodes, or Sultan Norandin 's Marceval not to mention Holger's last, monstrous and biting horse, who was in reality a transformed king, Papilio".[263]
  67. ^ The Petit Laurens edition (c. 1595) shows a woodcut of the ship, and 2 pages after, the paragraph with drop capital "E", " Et tant nagea.. cahsteau[sic day-mant quon nomme le chasteau dAuallon]" The identical woodcut occurs in the Vérard paper edition.
  68. ^ Modern commentator uses standard spelling "a lodestone reef".[269]
  69. ^ Translated into English by Charlotte Barslund from the Norwegian. The ferry sails between Norway and Denmark.

References

Citations
  1. ^ a b c Guessard, François [in French]; Chabaille, Polycarpe, eds. (1859). Gaufrey. Paris: F. Vieweg. pp. lxv, lxvii, vv. 10338, 10389, 10423.
  2. ^ Gaufrey[1]
  3. ^ a b Ott & Winling (2019), p. 549, texte, et p. 569, variantes.
  4. ^ Roman d'Ogier en Alexandrin, vv. 44–52[3]
  5. ^ a b Tressan (1782), pp. 54–55.
  6. ^ a b Barrois ed. (1842).
  7. ^ a b Ott & Winling (2019), endnote to v. 109.
  8. ^ Chevalerie Ogier, v. 115;[6] Roman d'Ogier en Alexandrin décasyllabes: Belissent (var. Helissent),[7]
  9. ^ a b Adenet le Roi, Enfances Ogier. Mahaut 7853, 7866, 7954; Mahaus 7857, 7868, et analyse.[173]
  10. ^ a b Alexandrins v. 426, et: "Pour l’amour Baudouïn dont il reçupt dommage,/Qu’en la fille Guymer – il l’ot sens marïage –, 465" v. 464–465.[202]
  11. ^ Tressan (1782), p. 61.
  12. ^ a b c d e f Keller, Hans-Erich [in German] (1995). "Chevalerie Ogier". In Kibler, William; Zinn, Grover A. (eds.). Medieval France: An Encyclopedia. Garland. pp. 405–406. ISBN 978-0-8240-4444-2.
  13. ^ a b La Chanson de Roland. Translated by Geddes, James. New York: Macmillan. 1920. pp. 171–172.
  14. ^ a b From Chevalerie Ogier, Manuscript A, i.e., Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fonds français, 24403, f. 174r–277v (painting on f. 199v). The original is available on view at the library's Mandragore (image database) site or the whole bound manuscript browsable here on Gallica.
  15. ^ "Detailed record for Royal 15 E VI". Catalog of Illuminated Manuscripts. British Library. Archived from the original on 2013-04-19. (Cf. current Archives and Manuscripts Catalogue page)
  16. ^ Fabry-Tehranchi (2015), pp. 19–19, fig. 8.
  17. ^ a b c d Voretzsch (1931), p. 209.
  18. ^ a b Dunlop (1906), Wilson's note 1 (p. 330)
  19. ^ Togeby (1969), p. 19.
  20. ^ Emden (1988), p. 125.
  21. ^ a b Ludlow (1865), pp. 274ff, note.
  22. ^ Voretzsch (1931), p. 208.
  23. ^ Togeby (1969), p. 56.
  24. ^ Ludlow (1865), pp. 265–273.
  25. ^ a b c Shepard, W. P. (1921). "Chansons de Geste and the Homeric Problem". The American Journal of Philology. 42 (3): 217–218. doi:10.2307/289581. JSTOR 289581. JSTOR 289581
  26. ^ Ludlow (1865), p. 301.
  27. ^ a b c d e f g "Holger Danske". Nordisk familjebok (in Swedish). 1909.
  28. ^ a b Schlauch, Margaret (1930). "The Danish Volksbücher". The Germanic Review. 5: 393.
  29. ^ a b Jensen, Janus Møller (2007). Denmark and the Crusades, 1400–1650. BRILL. p. 213. ISBN 9789004155794.
  30. ^ Pedersen & Hanssen ed. (1842), p. 4: "Saa lod han ham christne og kaldte ham Oluf; men jeg vil kalde ham Olger (Then he was Baptized and christened Oluf, but I shall call him Ogier)".
  31. ^ Togeby (1969), p. 17.
  32. ^ Cresswell, Julia (2014), Charlemagne and the Paladins, Bloomsbury Publishing, pp. 20–21
  33. ^ Baker, Julie A. (2002). The Childhood of the Epic Hero: A Study of the Old French Enfances Texts of Epic Cycles. Indiana University. p. 54.
  34. ^ a b van Dijk, Hans (2000). "Ogier the Dane". In Gerritsen, Willem Pieter [in Dutch]; Van Melle, Anthony G. (eds.). A Dictionary of Medieval Heroes. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 186–188. ISBN 978-0-85115-780-1.
  35. ^ Togeby (1969), p. 28.
  36. ^ a b Cerf (1908), p. 545.
  37. ^ "La Chanson de Roland", Archives de littérature du Moyen Âge
  38. ^ The five manuscripts BADMP, known to Cerf,[36] plus 1 more (ms. S).[37] Ms. A, or BnF français, 24403, f. 174r-277v, which is illuminated, is viewable here on BnF's Gallica server.
  39. ^ a b Bédier (1926), pp. 191–194.
  40. ^ Bédier (1926), p. 194.
  41. ^ Barrois ed. (1842), p. lxxv.
  42. ^ Henry ed. & Adenet (1956), p. 21.
  43. ^ Ludlow (1865), pp. 249–261.
  44. ^ Henry ed. & Adenet (1956), pp. 21, 24–25.
  45. ^ Wade, J. (2011). Fairies in Medieval Romance. Springer. ISBN 9780230119154.
  46. ^ Taylor, Jane H. M. (2014). Rewriting Arthurian Romance in Renaissance France: From Manuscript to Printed Book. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. 157–158. ISBN 9781843843658.
  47. ^ Karr, Phyllis Ann (September 19, 1983). The King Arthur Companion: The Legendary World of Camelot and the Round Table as Revealed by the Tales Themselves ... Reston [Publishing Company]. ISBN 9780835936989 – via Google Books.
  48. ^ Granzow ed. & Girart d'Amiens (1908), Charlemagne
  49. ^ Baker (2002), p. 64.
  50. ^ Togeby (1969), pp. 111–112.
  51. ^ Togeby (1969), pp. 158, 171.
  52. ^ Butts (1913), p. 43.
  53. ^ a b Table des noms s.v. "Broiefort", Cheval de Brunamont, puis d'Ogier. (no variant spellings for Og [Ch.O.] given here. pp. 116–117)
  54. ^ Togeby (1967), pp. 86, 112, 140.
  55. ^ Rigaud (1579), pp. 130, 140, 141, 153, 191, 192, 196, 237, 239, 310.
  56. ^ Bulfinch (1864), pp. 351, 353, 354, 359, 360, 362.
  57. ^ Tressan (1782), pp. 102, 104, 108, 109, 110, 117, 119, 121, 124.
  58. ^ Ludlow (1865), p. 260.
  59. ^ Hieatt tr. (1975), 1: 300. KmS III, Oddgeir the Dane, Ch. 37.
  60. ^ Barrois ed. (1842) vv. 2410, 2414: "il fu tous noirs, s'ot le frotn estelé"
  61. ^ Ludlow (1865), pp. 259.
  62. ^ Barrois ed. (1842) vv. 2410, 2413: "jouenes polains, quatre dens ot jetés;"
  63. ^ Grimm, Jacob (1888). "(Notes to) XXI. Trees and Animals §2. Animals". Teutonic Mythology. Vol. 4. Translated by James Steven Stallybrass. W. Swan Sonnenschein & Allen. p. 1482.
  64. ^ On the interpretation that it is not 4 teeth, cf. Grimm[63] and the saga version.
  65. ^ Langlois (1904), Table des noms s.v. "Corte, Cortain, etc.: Épee d'Ogier (verse numbers in Og=Chevalerie indicated, but not spelling differences)
  66. ^ Cerf (1908), p. 551.
  67. ^ Hieatt tr. (1975), 1: 312, n2. Note to KmS III, Oddgeir the Dane, Ch. 44.
  68. ^ mss. ADM, v. 2730),[66][67]
  69. ^ Hieatt tr. (1975), 1: 312. KmS III, Oddgeir the Dane, Ch. 44.
  70. ^ a b Ludlow (1865), pp. 297–299.
  71. ^ a b c d Renier (1891), p. 403.
  72. ^ a b Togeby (1969), pp. 64–65.
  73. ^ Chevalerie Ogier, vv. 11039–11856.[70][71][72]
  74. ^ Heebøll-Holm, Thomas (2013). Ports, Piracy and Maritime War: Piracy in the English Channel and the Atlantic, C. 1280-c. 1330. Brill. p. 108. ISBN 9789004248168.
  75. ^ a b Gaudefroy (1880) 1: 602, s.v. "baucent" apud Heebøll-Holm (2013)[74]
  76. ^ Bretex, Jacques [in French] (1898). Hecq, Gaëtan (ed.). Le tournoi de Chauvency. Mons: Dequesne-Masquillier & fils. p. 153.
  77. ^ a b Bulfinch (1864), pp. 360, 363, 364.
  78. ^ a b c Prévost de Longpérler (1884), pp. 177–184.
  79. ^ Bangert (1885), pp. 33–34.
  80. ^ a b Langlois (1904), Table des noms s.v. "Marchevalée: "cheval du soudn, 19, 45, 85, 120, 171"
  81. ^ a b c Rigaud (1579), p. 313.
  82. ^ a b Keightley, Thomas (1850) [1828]. "Fairy Land". The Fairy Mythology: Illustrative of the Romance and Superstition of various Countries (new revised ed.). H. G. Bohn. pp. 46–50.
  83. ^ a b Cerf (1910), p. 2.
  84. ^ Cerf (1910).
  85. ^ Gassies, Georges (1905), "Note sur une tête de statue touvée à Meaux", Bulletin archéologique du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques: 40–42
  86. ^ a b Togeby (1969), p. 145.
  87. ^ d'Achery & Mabillon (1677), p. 661n.
  88. ^ Becker, Philipp August (1942), "Ogier Von Dänemark", Zeitschrift für französische Sprache und Literatur, 64 (1): 75, note 4 JSTOR 40615765 (in German)
  89. ^ d'Achery & Mabillon (1677), p. 664.
  90. ^ d'Achery, Lucas; Mabillon, Jean (1677), Acta Sanctorum Ordinis S. Benedicti: Pars Prima (in Latin), vol. IV, apud Ludovicum Billaine, in Palatio Regio, p. 664
  91. ^ Mabillon, Jean (1735), Acta Sanctorum Ordinis S. Benedicti: Pars Prima (in Latin), vol. IV, Coletus & Bettinellus, p. 624
  92. ^ Renier (1891), pp. 397–404.
  93. ^ Ludlow (1865), pp. 247ff and 299–300.
  94. ^ a b c d e f Togeby (1969), p. 46.
  95. ^ Firmin-Didot, Ambroise, ed. (1867). "1020 Ogier le Dannoys (Lyon, 1525)". Catalogue raisonné des livres de la bibliothèque. Paris: A.F. Didot. pp. xi–xii.
  96. ^ a b Togeby (1969), p. 137.
  97. ^ Poulain-Gautret (2005), p. 52.
  98. ^ Voretzsch divided the work into five chapters, and his first chapter, Les enfances Ogier was the same as Branch I, vv. 1–3100 (of the Barrois edition).[94]
  99. ^ a b Togeby (1969), p. 151: "Nous apprenons d'abord comment Geoffroy, l'un des douze fils de Doon de Mayence, a conquis le Danemark et épousé Danemonde, qui meurt après avoir accouché d'Ogier. C'est l'action de Gaufrey (§67), mais nous voyons que les noms ont été changés . Six fées président à la naissance de l'enfant et lui offrent des cadeaux . Gloriande ( ! ) promet qu'il sera le meilleur chevalier.."
  100. ^ In Gaufrey (the chanson de geste about Ogier's father), Ogier's mother Passerose died after giving birth.[1] In the Alexandrine verse version, Geoffroy's wife is called Danemonde who dies after bearing Ogier.[99]
  101. ^ Barrois ed. (1842) pp. xv, xxix, xxvij (family tree), p. lxij (Analyze) Godefroy donne son fils en otage, vers 5
  102. ^ Ludlow (1865), p. 24.
  103. ^ Langlois (1904), Table des noms s.v. "3 Gaufroi de Danemarche: "Fils ainé d'Doon de Mayenc; père d'Ogier; Seigneur de Danemarche"
  104. ^ Togeby (1967), p. 5.
  105. ^ Bulfinch (1864), p. 331; Bulfinch (1997), Ch. XXIV, p. 143.
  106. ^ Dunlop (1906), p. 332.
  107. ^ v. 5 (vide Analyze, Barrois ed. (1842), p. xxi)
  108. ^ Guimer[s] le châtelain de Saint-Omers v. 31/32; fille v. 48; amour v. 60ff; Bauduinet, fils d'Ogier v. 87ff.
  109. ^ vv. 89–90 Old French: A Loon (Laon).. au pérom (perron) tués.. dona Callos (Charlot) le cop mortel
  110. ^ a b Ludlow (1865), p. 249.
  111. ^ a b c Renier (1891), p. 397.
  112. ^ Togeby (1969), pp. 48–49.
  113. ^ 1498 ed. "3. Comment les quatre messagiers.. aller en Denemarche. Et comment le duc Geoffory leur fist trenher les baulieures et leur fist tourner le nez sen dessus desoubz", redacted by Renier (1891), p. 435; also the same chapter heading Rigaud (1579), p. 15, rephrased as "fist arracher les baulievres & renverser le nez" in text, p. 18 (mod. Fr. balèvre).
  114. ^ Tressan (1782), p. 65.
  115. ^ Bulfinch (1864), p. 334.
  116. ^ Richmond, Velma Bourgeois (2014). Chivalric Stories as Children's Literature: Edwardian Retellings in Words and Pictures. McFarland. p. 309. ISBN 9781476617350.
  117. ^ Tressan (1782), pp. 60–61.
  118. ^ Bulfinch (1864), pp. 333–334.
  119. ^ a b Tressan (1782), pp. 61–65.
  120. ^ (see Analyze, "Barons sollicitent en faveur d'Ogier 154") the fourteen counts v. 140 ask "Que puet cis enfes se Gaufrois t'a boisié? (what wrong has the child of G committed against you?) v. 142, at which Charles is corochiés (angered) v. 143, and re-vows to les membres trenchier (v. 146).
  121. ^ p. lxxi "Alori porte l'Oriflamme 438"; The king asks who will take it, and Alori volunteers: Qui donrai-jo m'oriflambe a porter?»/Dist Aloris «Sire, moi la donés, vv. 437–438.
  122. ^ Ludlow (1865), pp. 249–252.
  123. ^ Hieatt tr. (1975), 1: 328. Kms III, Oddgeir the Dane, Ch. 54.
  124. ^ Barrois ed. (1842), p. lxxij: "Pardonne à Ogier 716; l'arme chevalier vers 747"; texte: pp. 29–31, vv. 690ff, 747ff
  125. ^ Ludlow (1865), p. 252:"Ogier is knighted by the king, who girds him with his own sword".
  126. ^ a b Ludlow (1865), p. 252.
  127. ^ Analyze, v. 1687; text Gloriande, la fille l'amirant v. 790.
  128. ^ Ludlow (1865), pp. 252–259.
  129. ^ This gift or any mention of the sword Short is wanting at Ludlow (1865), pp. 259–260, but Barroi's analyse has "Caraheu donne son épée à Ogier, v. 2700", where he speaks: "Ogier, says he, I give you my sword/Corte (accusative: Cortain) the good and utterly redoubtable"
  130. ^ Hieatt tr. (1975), 1: 311. KmS III, Oddgeir the Dane, Ch. 43.
  131. ^ Ludlow (1865), pp. 259–261.
  132. ^ a b Renier (1891), pp. 399–400.
  133. ^ Togeby (1969), p. 52.
  134. ^ Hieatt tr. (1975), 1: 316. KmS III, Oddgeir the Dane, Ch. 45.
  135. ^ a b Barrois ed. (1842), p. lxxij: "L'Emir en suite, 3023; mort 3035. Ogier tue Danemon 3041. texte: "Namles va férir l'amirant (3031).. Grant cop (3033).. mort sanglant (3035)"
  136. ^ Bovy (1898), p. 30.
  137. ^ vv. 3066–73
  138. ^ Ludlow (1865), pp. 261–265.
  139. ^ Togeby (1969), p. 53.
  140. ^ Ludlow (1865), pp. 265–291.
  141. ^ Renier (1891), pp. 400–402.
  142. ^ Renier (1891), p. 403 summary places this within the vv. 9671–10380 block.
  143. ^ Ludlow (1865), p. 292.
  144. ^ Table des noms s.v. "8 Brehier des Tour de Mont Argüe", rois sarrasin d"Afrique
  145. ^ Bulfinch (1864), p. 359.
  146. ^ Tressan (1782).
  147. ^ vv. 10425-7, "le bon ceval corant que je conqis à l'amiraus Balant".
  148. ^ Brandin, Louis ed (1919). Chanson d'Aspremont 1:. A horse whiter than snow or crystal (Amener fait Balans son bon ceval / Qui plus est blans que soit nois ne cristal, vv. 2689–90) which he tells Duke Namon is a gift to the French king (Et dist Balans: «»Dus Namles, entent moi. / Cest bon destrier me menrés vostre roi», vv. 2303–4)
  149. ^ Barrois ed. (1842) li rois sor Blanchart d'Alier v. 272; Kalles l'encauche sus Blancart d'Alier v. 6345; le roi desus Blancart monté, v. 6232
  150. ^ Langlois (1904), Table des noms s.v. "1 Blanchart, Blancart: "Nom de chevaux"
  151. ^ Bangert (1885), pp. 34–35.
  152. ^ Ludlow (1865), pp. 292–295.
  153. ^ v. 10995 sains Mikex (var. Michieus)
  154. ^ Ludlow (1865), pp. 295–296.
  155. ^ "Dix-sept pies avoit" (v. 11235), "Et caint l'espée.. /Galans le fist en l'ïles des Persois" (vv. 11250–1), "Corte fu bone, mais cele en valut trois" (v. 11256).
  156. ^ Langlois (1904), Table des noms s.v. "1 Bauçan, etc.: "Nom de chevaux" (various spellings from various works are listed but at Og 7321, 7371 the spelling is Bauçant, which Langlois omits).
  157. ^ Ludlow (1865), p. 300.
  158. ^ Ludlow (1865), pp. 299–301.
  159. ^ Renier (1891), pp. 403–404.
  160. ^ Togeby (1969), p. 66.
  161. ^ a b c Togeby (1969), p. 116.
  162. ^ Chevalerie v. 3007, Karlamagnús saga ch. 45, Adenet v. 4097, according to Togeby.[161]
  163. ^ a b Morgan (2009), pp. 175–176.
  164. ^ Bovy (1898), pp. 18–19.
  165. ^ Bovy (1898), pp. 28, 20.
  166. ^ Bovy (1898), pp. 16, 18.
  167. ^ Emden (1988), p. 131.
  168. ^ Although note in Barrois's analyse of Chevalerie says it twice: the gift of the sword is made before the duel ("Caraheu donme sp épée a Ogier, 2700") then Ogier is said to have won the horse and sword afterwards ("Ogier gagne Broiefort et Courtain 3089").
  169. ^ Scheler ed. & Adenet le Roi (1874): "Li bons rois Charles tint Joieuse entesée.. Le roi Corsuble.. (6222).. en la cervele lie est l'est avalée (6226).. Pour sa mort font li plusour grant criée (6231)" Cf. Scheler ed. & Adenet le Roi (1874), p. XVIII
  170. ^ Farnsworth (1913), p. 33.
  171. ^ a b Daunou, P. C. F.; et al., eds. (1842). "Adenet le roi". Histoire littéraire de la France (in French). Vol. 20. Paris: Firmin-Didot. pp. 697–701.
  172. ^ Bovy (1898), pp. 20, 31.
  173. ^ Scheler ed. & Adenet le Roi (1874), p. xi.
  174. ^ a b Suard (1967), p. 54.
  175. ^ a b Farrier (2019), p. 268.
  176. ^ a b Togeby (1969), p. 134.
  177. ^ a b La Chevalerie Ogier, version en décasyllabes"@arlima
  178. ^ Poulain-Gautret (2005), p. 13, n3.
  179. ^ Cerf (1908), p. 552.
  180. ^ Cerf (1908), p. 553.
  181. ^ Togeby (1969), p. 140.
  182. ^ Togeby (1969), pp. 140–142.
  183. ^ Hoyer-Poulain (1995), pp. 50–52.
  184. ^ a b Togeby (1969), pp. 148.
  185. ^ Rajna, Pio (1873), "Uggeri il Danese nella letteratura romanzesca degi Italiani", Romania (in French), 2: 156, note 1
  186. ^ a b Paton (1903), p. 74.
  187. ^ Reiss, Edmund; Reiss, Louise Horner; Taylor, Beverly, eds. (1984). Arthurian Legend and Literature: The Middle Ages. Vol. 1. Garland. p. 402. ISBN 9780824091231.
  188. ^ "La Chevalerie Ogier, version en Alexandrins"@arlima
  189. ^ Chantilly 490.[188]
  190. ^ a b Ward (1883), I, pp. 607–609.
  191. ^ Ott & Winling (2019), pp. 543–544.
  192. ^ Voretzsch (1931), p. 477.
  193. ^ Ott & Winling (2019), v. 46 and endnote.
  194. ^ a b Ott & Winling (2019), p. 549.
  195. ^ a b c Togeby (1969), p. 151.
  196. ^ Ott & Winling (2019), p. 567.
  197. ^ BnF Arsenal, 2985 page 4, next to last line.
  198. ^ Thus read in text,[194] but occurs in the notes as Vaubiz [sic]（de Variterbis C, de Baudis L).[196] But the digitalized page at BnF can be consulted.[197]
  199. ^ Belissent (var. Helissent), décasyllabes,[7]
  200. ^ Barrois ed. (1842), v. 115
  201. ^ Bulfinch (1864), p. 348.
  202. ^ Ott & Winling (2019), p. 562.
  203. ^ Ward (1883), I, p. 607.
  204. ^ Ott & Winling (2019), v. 109 and endnote.
  205. ^ BnF Arsenal, 2985 page 4, line 4
  206. ^ Renier (1891), p. 439.
  207. ^ Meyer, Paul, ed. (1875). Brun de la montaigne. Paris: Firmin-Didot et Cie. pp. xi–xii.
  208. ^ Quoted from ms. Arsenal, 2985 (olim fr. 190, 191) in Meyer ed. (1875) Brun de la montaigne.[207]
  209. ^ v. 790
  210. ^ Paraphrased by Togeby (note he places a ! next to Gloriande).[195] Gloriande is the amiral's daughter and sister of Danemon in ChO.[209] In Tressan, Gloriande is Dannemont's daughter who marries Geoffroy of Denmark and dies giving birth to Ogier,[5] rather than the mother being Danemonde.
  211. ^ Renier (1891), p. 432.
  212. ^ Child, Francis James (1884). "37. Thomas Rymer". The English and Scottish Popular Ballads. Vol. I. Houghton Mifflin. p. 319.
  213. ^ Togeby (1967) Ogier le Dannoys : Roman en prose du XVe siècle
  214. ^ Togeby (1969), p. 221.
  215. ^ a b c d e Taylor, Jane H. M. (2016). "Shorter Notices. Reviewed Work: Nouveau Répertoire de mises en prose (XlVe—XVIe siècle), ed. Maria Colombo Timelli, Barbara Ferrari, Anne Schoysman, and François , Textes littéraires du Moyen Age 30". Medium Ævum. 85 (1): 181–182. doi:10.2307/26396491. JSTOR 26396491.
  216. ^ a b Winn (1997), p. 152.
  217. ^ Togeby (1967): "don au roi Louis XII de France au moment de son avènement au trône en 1498
  218. ^ Winn (1997), p. 372.
  219. ^ a b Universal Short Title Catalogue 38227, Ogier le Dannoys, Vérard[1499]
  220. ^ a b Paton (1903), p. 75.
  221. ^ Grässe, Johann Georg Theodor (1922). Trésor de livres rares et précieux, ou, Nouveau dictionaire bibliographique. Vol. 10. Berlin: Josef Altmann. pp. 14–15.
  222. ^ Ogier le Danoys, duc de Dannemarche, Paris: Le Petit Laurens, c. 1495
  223. ^ a b Fabry-Tehranchi (2015), n38.
  224. ^ Togeby (1967).
  225. ^ Goodman, Jennifer R. (January 1994). "Reviewed Work: The New Arthurian Encyclopedia. by Norris J. Lacy". Speculum. 69 (1): 197–199. doi:10.2307/2864841. JSTOR 2864841.
  226. ^ Winn (1997), pp. 123, 371.
  227. ^ Togeby (1967): "..imprimé sur parchemin, au lieu de l’être sur papier, et les cinquante-sept xylographies qui illustrent l'action de chacun des cinquante-sept chapîtres ont été entrichies de couleurs brilliantes.. ajuté..".
  228. ^ Togeby (1967):..une belle miniature le montre à genoux presentant son cadeau au nouveau roi de France".
  229. ^ Winn (1997), Fig. 5.14, p. 375.
  230. ^ Winn (1997), pp. 298, 370.
  231. ^ a b Winn (1997), p. 373.
  232. ^ Besides the Turin, Winn (1997), p. 371 lists:
    • Chantilly, MC 1351 (IV. G. 28)
    • Cologne, USB
    • London, BL IB 41217 (vel)
    • New York, PML ChL f1540
    • Paris. BN Rés. Vélins 1125 (impf.)
  233. ^ Fabry-Tehranchi (2015), p. 12.
  234. ^ Fabry-Tehranchi (2015), Fig. 9, p. 20.
  235. ^ a b Catalogue of Manuscripts and Early Printed Books from the Libraries of William Morris, Richard Bennett, Bertram, Fourth Earl of Ashburnam, and Other Sources: Now Forming Portion of the Library of J. Pierpont Morgan. Vol. 2. London: Chiswick Press. 1907. pp. 239–241. (IArchive version)
  236. ^ Record ID 135072 at CORSAIR, Pierpont Morgan Library
  237. ^ Renier (1891), pp. 434–439, excerpts of incipit/long title in blackletter, preface, and every chapter heading 1–57; followed by summary, pp. 439–447
  238. ^ Togeby (1967), p. 6.
  239. ^ "six belles dames.. lesquelles on nõme faees.. & l'une d'elles nõmee Gloriãde.. Palestine.. Pharamõde.. cinq𐾂esme nõmee Presine.. sixiesme nõmee Morgue", from facsimile.[238]
  240. ^ Togeby (1969), p. 223.
  241. ^ Renier (1891), pp. 434437.
  242. ^ In Rigaud (1579) the gift-giving of the six fays are given in the Prologue, pp. 5–6, but the content and the name spellings match.
  243. ^ Paton (1903), p. 77.
  244. ^ Dunlop (1906), p. 337.
  245. ^ a b c d Renier (1891), p. 438.
  246. ^ a b c d e f g Suard (1967), p. 56.
  247. ^ Vérard ed. (1498) Ch. 40, pp. 464–511 [245][246]
  248. ^ Prévost de Longpérler (1884), p. 174.
  249. ^ Vérard ed. (1498) Ch. 49, pp. 598–622[246]
  250. ^ Vérard ed. (1498) Ch. 41, pp. 515–519 to Ch. 47, pp. 580–590. Or pp. 511–592[245]
  251. ^ Vérard ed. (1498) Ch. 42, pp. 519–526
  252. ^ Renier (1891), p. 443.
  253. ^ a b Renier (1891), p. 442.
  254. ^ Vérard ed. (1498) Ch. 44, 546–554; Ch 45, pp. 554–574
  255. ^ Renier (1891), p. 444.
  256. ^ Vérard ed. (1498) Ch. 41., pp. 515–519 to Ch. 49, pp. 598–624[245] Or pp. 593–622[246]
  257. ^ Prévost de Longpérler (1884), pp. 174–177.
  258. ^ Cf. Gautier's threat to kill and the sultan's offer to restore his uncle, translated by Farnsworth (1913), p. 105
  259. ^ Prévost de Longpérler (1884), pp. 178–182.
  260. ^ Togeby (1969), pp. 234–235.
  261. ^ Togeby discusses the parallel in the Danish version, where the sultan is named Norandin and the horse he bargains for is Marcewal or Marceual/Marceval.[260]
  262. ^ Poulain-Gautret (2005), p. 961.
  263. ^ Langberg, Harald [in Danish] (1973). "En portal fra Valdres". Oldsaksamlings Årbok. 85 (1): 121–142.
  264. ^ Vérard ed. (1498) Ch. 47, chapter heading, and summary.[253]
  265. ^ Vérard ed. (1498) Ch. 47, pp. 580–590[246]
  266. ^ Vérard ed. (1498) Ch. 50, pp. 624–628 and Ch. 51, pp. 628–651[245] Or more narrowly pp. 623–632[246]
  267. ^ Rigaud (1579), p. 418.
  268. ^ [267]: "chasteau d'Aymant qu'on nomme le chasteau d'Auallon"; Keightley (1850), p. 46: "Tant nagea.. chastel daymant.. etc.", etc.
  269. ^ Hyde, Lewis (2019). "Notebook III. Nation. §Ogier the Dane". A Primer for Forgetting: Getting Past the Past. Macmillan + ORM. ISBN 9780374710149.
  270. ^ Unger ed. (1859), pp. 76–125 "Dridi partr Karlmagnus sögu af Oddgeiri Danska", til Cap. 54
  271. ^ Togeby (1969), p. 91.
  272. ^ Hieatt tr. (1975), p. 315, note 7 to Ch. 45
  273. ^ Hieatt tr. (1975), pp. 24, 234.
  274. ^ a b Layher (2004), p. 93.
  275. ^ Pedersen & Hanssen ed. (1842), p. 1.
  276. ^ Brandt (1882), p. 271.
  277. ^ Pedersen & Hanssen ed. (1842), pp. 2–3 and Molbech's introduction, p. xxiii
  278. ^ Paton (1903), pp. 75–76.
  279. ^ Layher (2004), p. 98.
  280. ^ The Faraway North, Scandinavian Folk Ballads, I. Cumpstey, 2016 (ISBN 978-0-9576120-2-0)
  281. ^ Malmberg, Christer. "Albertus Pictor - Floda kyrka". christermalmberg.se.
  282. ^ Layher (2004), pp. 90–92.
  283. ^ Baughman, Ernest W. (1966), Type and Motif-Index of the Folktales of England and North America, Walter de Gruyter, p. 122, ISBN 9783111402772
  284. ^ a b "Indlæg fra de internationale HCA - konferencer". andersen.sdu.dk. Retrieved 2019-05-11.
  285. ^ Leslie, V.H. (30 April 2013). "Lost in time: the wicked voice of Vernon Lee". This Is Horror. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
  286. ^ Sandra Brovall (2014-05-06). "Nu sover Holger Danske i Skjern". Politiken (in Danish). Retrieved 2019-02-09.
  287. ^ "Holger Danske solgt: Her ender han - TV 2". nyheder.tv2.dk (in Danish). 2013-04-26. Archived from the original on 2023-12-14. Retrieved 2019-02-09.
  288. ^ "Holger Danske - Udforsk slottet - Kronborg Slot - Slotte og haver - Kongelige Slotte". kongeligeslotte.dk. Archived from the original on 2022-01-23. Retrieved 2019-02-09.
  289. ^ "Holger Danske - Ogier the Dane". VisitDenmark. Retrieved 2019-02-09.
  290. ^ "Viking".
Bibliography
(primary sources - Chevalerie)
(Enfances)

https://www.google.com/books/edition/Les_enfances_Ogier/eb3WdzFytpgC?gbpv=1

(Suite)
(romances)
(compilation)
(other chansons de geste)
(Franco-Italian)
(retellings, abridgements)
(primary sources—Scandinavian)
(secondary sources)
  • Media related to Holger Danske at Wikimedia Commons
  • Holger Danske at Den Store Danske Encyklopædi (in Danish)
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