List of countries with multiple capitals

Map of countries that have or have had multiple capitals, divided into de jure (dark blue and light blue) and de facto (red and light red) multi-capital status.

Some countries can be considered to have multiple capitals. In some cases, one city is the capital for some purposes, and one or more others are capital for other purposes, without any being considered an official capital in preference to the others. There are also cases where there is a single legally defined capital, but one or more other cities operate as the seat of government of some or all parts of the national government; in these situations, sources may disagree on whether these other cities are considered additional capital cities.

More than one capital at present

Bonus legend:

  This country is a sovereign state.


  This country is a transcontinental state.


  This country is an unrecognized state.


  This country is a dependent territory.


  This country is some other International Law entity (ex. a non-territorial entity[note 1], an autonomous territory[note 2], an Antarctic territorial claim not containing the status of its owner's dependent territory[note 3], etc.).
Country Capital Details
 American Samoa[note 4] Pago Pago Official capital and home to the territorial government.[1]
Fagatogo Seat of government, where the legislature, High Court and District Court are located.[2][3][4][5]
Utulei Legislative capital and home to the executive office building of the country.[6][7]
 Antigua and Barbuda St. John's Official capital.
Marble Hill Home to most of the country's diplomatic missions.[8][9]
 Belize Belmopan Official capital.
Belize City Home to most government offices and embassies of the country.
 Benin Porto-Novo Official capital.
Cotonou Seat of government; de facto administrative capital.
Bolivia Sucre Constitutional capital.
La Paz Seat of government; de facto executive and legislative capital.
Bougainville Island[note 5] Buka Current capital.
Arawa Future capital. The town was largely destroyed during the Bougainville Civil War, resulting in the relocation of the capital to Buka, though there are plans to rebuild Arawa and make it the capital again.[10]
 Burundi Gitega Official political capital.
Bujumbura Economic capital and seat of government.[11]
 Chile* Santiago Official capital.
Valparaíso Home to the Chilean legislature.
Côte d'Ivoire Yamoussoukro Official capital.
Abidjan De facto administrative capital.[12]
 Czech Republic Prague Official capital.
Brno Important centre of the Czech judiciary.
Jihlava Home to the Energy Regulatory Office.[13]
 Dominican Republic Santo Domingo Official capital.
Santo Domingo Oeste De facto co-capital of the Dominican Republic as seat of the Constitutional Court and the Central Electoral Commission.[14]
 Egypt* Cairo Current capital.
The New Capital Future capital. In March 2015, Egypt proposed building a New Administrative Capital, currently undergoing a naming process.[15] It is now under construction and lies east of the present capital Cairo. The city is projected to be home to more than 40 million people by 2050.[16]
 Estonia Tallinn Official capital.
Tartu Often considered the "intellectual capital city" of the country.[17][18][19][20][21] It is also home to the Supreme Court and the Ministry of Education and Research.
 Eswatini Mbabane Administrative capital.
Lobamba Legislative capital and royal residence.
 France Paris Official capital of the country and the seat of both houses of Parliament (the National Assembly and the Senate).[22]
Versailles Seat of joint congresses of both houses of Parliament (the National Assembly and the Senate), which are officially held at the Palace of Versailles.
 Georgia Tbilisi Official capital.
Mtskheta Sometimes called the "ancient capital" of Georgia.[23][24]
 Germany Berlin Official capital.
Bonn It has the special title of "federal city" (Bundesstadt) and is the primary seat of six ministries.[25]
Karlsruhe Seat of the Federal Constitutional Court. Also, this city, as a consequence of this, is sometimes called Germany's "judicial capital".
 Honduras Tegucigalpa Joint constitutional capital with Comayagüela.[26]
Comayagüela
 Hong Kong[note 6] Hong Kong Official capital.
Central Today's seat of government offices of the country. Actually, this city is a central business district, and not an adjecent regular city.
 Indonesia* Jakarta Current capital.
Nusantara Future capital. Nusantara has been under construction since July 2022 and is expected to replace Jakarta as the capital of Indonesia.[27] For decades, Indonesia has mulled the relocation of its capital from Jakarta, which is overcrowded and subsiding rapidly. On 26 August 2019, President Joko Widodo announced that the future Indonesian capital would be carved from Penajam North Paser and Kutai Kartanegara regencies in East Kalimantan province.[28][29] The proposed capital was named Nusantara on 16 January 2022.[30]
 Iran Tehran Current capital.
Makran Future capital. The southern coastal region of Makran is expected to replace Tehran as its national capital of Iran due to both population overcrowding and vulnerability to earthquakes.[31]
 Israel Jerusalem Official capital, but with limited recognition. Recognition by other UN member states: Russia (West Jerusalem),[32] the Czech Republic (West Jerusalem),[33] Argentina,[34] Honduras,[35] Guatemala,[36] Nauru,[37] and the United States.[38]
Tel Aviv Home to most embassies of the country (the UN does not recognize Jerusalem as Israel's proclaimed capital).
 Japan* Tokyo Official capital.
Kyoto It is considered the cultural capital of Japan and is a major tourist destination. It is also home to the Agency for Cultural Affairs of the national government. Additionally, the internationally renowned video game company called Nintendo is also headquartered there.
 Jersey[note 7] St Helier Official capital.
St Saviour Home to the official royal residence of the country: Government House.
 Kosovo[note 8] Pristina Official capital of the country and its seat of government.[41][42]
Prizren Historic capital of the country (only recognized by a separate law).[42]
 Libya Tripoli Official capital of the country and home to the Presidential Council and the Government of National Unity. It is sometimes referred to as "the de jure capital of Libya" because none of the country's ministries are actually located in the capital.
Tobruk Home to the House of Representatives (the internationally recognized government of Libya)[43][44] and the Government of National Stability.
 Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Constitutional and legislative capital; royal seat.
Putrajaya De facto administrative and judicial capital.
 Montenegro Podgorica Administrative capital of the country.
Cetinje The Old Royal Capital of the country.
 Montserrat[note 7] Plymouth De jure capital of the country. Abandoned in 1997, following a volcanic eruption.
Brades De facto capital of the country. That's because government buildings are now located in there.
Little Bay Future capital. Little Bay is a town under construction in Montserrat, intended to replace the previous capital, Plymouth, which was destroyed by the eruption of the Soufrière Hills volcano in 1997.
 Myanmar Naypyidaw Official capital.
Yangon Home to most government offices and embassies of the country.
 Netherlands Amsterdam Capital per constitution.
The Hague Seat of government.
Northern Cyprus[note 9] North Nicosia De facto capital of the country.
Nicosia De jure capital of the country.[50]
 Palestine[note 10] Jerusalem Proclaimed capital of the country, but with limited recognition. The Palestinian Declaration of Independence proclaims the "establishment of the State of Palestine on our Palestinian territory with its capital Jerusalem (Al-Quds Ash-Sharif)". Israel exercises de facto control over Jerusalem, but neither state's claims to Jerusalem are widely recognized by the international community.
Ramallah De facto capital of the country. It is also the administrative capital where government institutions and foreign representative offices are located.
Peru Lima Official capital.
Cusco Historical capital of the country.[60]
 Philippines Manila De jure capital of the country.
Metro Manila De facto capital of the country. While Manila is designated as the country's capital, the seat of government is the National Capital Region, commonly known as "Metro Manila", of which the city of Manila is a part.[61][62]
 South Africa* Pretoria Administrative and executive capital.
Cape Town Legislative capital.
Bloemfontein Judicial capital.
Johannesburg Home to the country's highest court, the Constitutional Court of South Africa.
 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands[note 7]* King Edward Point Official capital.
Grytviken This city is often mistakenly referred to as the capital of the entire country[note 11], but it is actually King Edward Point[63], located in the same bay. This city is also home to the South Georgia Museum and the resting places of polar explorers Sir Ernest Shackleton and Frank Wild in Grytviken's graveyard.
 South Korea Seoul Official capital and the primary seat of the National Assembly.
Sejong City De facto administrative capital of the country and partially its future capital (since 2014). And also, since the Sejong Government Complex was finished in 2014, some authorities already moved from Seoul to there, making it their official primary seat.
 South Sudan Juba Current capital.
Ramciel Future capital. In February 2011, the Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan adopted a resolution to study moving the capital of the new Republic of South Sudan that was to be created in July of that year to a new, planned city. In September 2011, the government of South Sudan approved a project to build a new capital at Ramciel in Lakes state; it is projected that the project will take at least five years.
Sovereign Military Order of Malta[note 12] Palazzo Malta Joint headquarters with Villa del Priorato di Malta. Both of them are located in Rome (the capital of Italy).
Villa del Priorato di Malta
 Sri Lanka Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte Legislative capital.
Colombo Executive, judicial, and commercial capital.
 Sudan Khartoum Official capital. It's also the country's de jure capital due to intense fighting in there during the ongoing civil war.[64]
Port Sudan De facto capital of the country due to the ongoing brutal events mentioned already.
 Switzerland Bern Official and the de facto capital of the country and its federal city.
Lausanne Home to the Swiss Supreme Court.
 Tanzania Dodoma Official capital.
Dar es Salaam Although Dar es Salaam ceded its official status as the country's capital to Dodoma in 1993, it still remains the seat of government.[65]
Western Sahara[note 13] Laayoune De jure capital of the country due to it being de facto under Morocco's control.
Rabouni, Tindouf[note 14] De facto capital of the country, and also, one of its capitals-in-exile (along with Tifariti).
Tifariti Provisional capital of the country, and also, one of its capitals-in-exile (along with Rabouni).
 Yemen* Sanaa Official and constitutional capital. It is still considered the country's de jure capital due to it being under Houthi control since 2014.
Aden Seat of the Presidential Leadership Council (the internationally recognized government of Yemen) and the country's de facto capital. It is currently claimed by this executive body as the country's provisional capital.[66]

*May be considered a transcontinental state.[note 15]

More than one capital in the past

Main article: List of former national capitals

These countries have had two cities that served as administrative capitals at the same time, for various reasons such as war, weather or partition. In some cases, the second capital is considered a temporary capital.

Country Year(s) Capitals Details
British Raj 1858–1947 Kolkata (a.k.a. Calcutta) (1858–1911) Administrative capital
New Delhi (1911–1947)
Shimla (a.k.a. Simla) Summer capital
Austria-Hungary 1873–1918 Vienna Cisleithania
Budapest Kingdom of Hungary
 Republic of China 1937–1945 Nanjing (a.k.a. Nanking) Capital of the Japanese-controlled puppet state
Chongqing Provisional capital of the Kuomintang-ruled Republic of China
1945–1991 Nanjing Administrative, legislative, and judicial capital (claimed between the 1949 Retreat and the 1992 Consensus)
Taipei Provisional capital of the Kuomintang-ruled Republic of China on Taiwan
France 1940–1944 Vichy De facto administrative capital
Paris De jure constitutional capital, also capital for the German military administration
Kingdom of Italy 1943–1944 Brindisi (1943–Feb 1944) De facto provisional capital
Salerno (Feb–Jun 1944)
Rome De jure capital until 1944 when it was liberated by the Allies
Italian Social Republic 1943–1944 Salò De facto capital until 1944 when it became the primary capital
Rome De jure capital until 1944 when it was liberated by the Allies
Laos 1947–1975 Vientiane Administrative capital
Luang Prabang Royal capital
 Libya 1951–1963 Tripoli One of two official capitals of the Kingdom of Libya, then Bayda became the capital of Libya from 1963 to 1969
Benghazi
Malawi 1974–1994 Lilongwe Administrative and judiciary capital
Zomba Legislative capital
Netherlands-Indonesia Union 1948–1956 Amsterdam Kingdom of the Netherlands
Batavia United States of Indonesia
 Norway 1940 Oslo Official capital
Hamar Temporarily one-day capital that seated the parliament[69]
Pakistan 1962–1971 Rawalpindi (1962–14 August 1967) Seat of the government
Islamabad (14 August 1967–1971)
Dhaka Legislative capital
 Philippines 1948–1976 Quezon City Official capital
Manila De facto seat of government
1901–1976 Baguio Summer capital (still known as summer capital, outside of political use)
 Serbia and Montenegro 2003–2006 Belgrade Administrative and legislative capital
Podgorica Judicial capital

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The example of a non-territorial entity is the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, which is part of Italy.
  2. ^ The example of an autonomous territory is Åland, which is part of Finland.
  3. ^ The example of an Antarctic territorial claim not containing the status of its owner's dependent territory is Argentine Antarctica, which belongs to Argentina.
  4. ^ Dependent territory of the United States.
  5. ^ Autonomous territory of Papua New Guinea.
  6. ^ Autonomous territory of China.
  7. ^ a b c Dependent territory of the United Kingdom.
  8. ^ Kosovo unilaterally declared its independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008[39] and has since gained diplomatic recognition by at least 110 member states of the United Nations. Serbia does not officially recognise Kosovo as a sovereign state and continues to claim it as its constituent Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija; however, it accepts the governing authority of the Kosovo institutions as part of the 2013 Brussels Agreement.[40]
  9. ^ Due to its lack of recognition, Northern Cyprus depends on Turkey for economic, political and military support.[45][46][47] This has led some experts to describe Northern Cyprus as a puppet state of Turkey; others contest the label, due to the independent nature of Northern Cyprus's elections and government. The Turkish Army, with the support of Northern Cyprus's government, maintains a large force in Northern Cyprus, which the Republic of Cyprus, the EU, and the international community regard as an occupation force. This military presence is illegal under international law,[48] and has been denounced in several UN Security Council resolutions.[49]
  10. ^ The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) declared the establishment of the State of Palestine on November 15, 1988. As of September 2025, the State of Palestine is recognized as a sovereign state by 157 of the 193 member states of the United Nations, or just over 80% of all UN members. It is a non-member observer state at the United Nations since November 2012.[51][52] This limited status is largely due to the United States, a permanent member of the Security Council with veto power, which has consistently used its veto or threatened to do so to block Palestine’s full membership to UN.[53][54][55] The existence of a state of Palestine is recognized by the states that have established bilateral diplomatic relations with it.[56][57][58][59] There is a wide range of views on the legal status of the State of Palestine, both among international states and legal scholars.
  11. ^ As seen for example: on Spanish Wikipedia. (link)
  12. ^ A non-territorial entity located in Italy (mainly in its capital, Rome).
  13. ^ Western Sahara is recognized by 44 UN member states and South Ossetia. It was proclaimed by the Polisario Front on 27 February 1976, in Bir Lehlou. The Western Sahara government calls the territories under its control the Liberated Territories or the Free Zone. Morocco occupies the rest of the disputed territory, and calls these lands its Southern Provinces. The claimed capital city of Western Sahara is Laayoune, which is also its largest city. Since Western Sahara does not control Laayoune, it has established a temporary capital in Tifariti, although most of the day-to-day administration happens in Rabouni, one of the Sahrawi refugee camps located in Tindouf, Algeria.
  14. ^ Rabouni as one of the capitals of Western Sahara is located outside this country, in Tindouf, Algeria.
  15. ^ Some of the countries shown on this list may be considered transcontinental states (we all know, that the main transcontinental states are: Kazakhstan, Russia and Turkey). These countries are:
    1)  Chile: Most of the territory of Chile is located in South America, while Easter Island and Isla Salas y Gómez are geographically considered to be part of Oceania;
    2)  Egypt: Most of the territory of Egypt is located in Africa, while the Sinai Peninsula is geographically considered to be part of Asia;
    3)  Indonesia: Most of the territory of Indonesia is located in Asia, while Western New Guinea[67] and the Aru Islands are geographically considered to be part of Oceania;
    4)  Japan: Most of the territory of Japan is located in Asia, while the Bonin Islands, the Volcano Islands, Minamitorishima and Okinotori are geographically considered to be part of Oceania;
    5)  South Africa: Most of the territory of South Africa is located in Africa, while the Prince Edward Islands are geographically considered to be part of the Antarctic;
    6)  South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands: Most of the territory of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is located in South America, while the Antarctic South Sandwich Islands[68] are geographically considered to be part of the Antarctic;
    7)  Yemen: Most of the territory of Yemen is located in Asia, while the Socotra Archipelago is geographically considered to be part of Africa.

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  66. ^ Al-Sakani, Ali (19 April 2022). "Yemen inaugurates new presidential council". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 8 May 2022. Retrieved 8 May 2022. Yemen's Prime Minister Maeen Abdulmalik Saeed, along with other senior government officials, had also arrived in Aden, which serves as Yemen's temporary capital, before the swearing-in ceremony.
  67. ^ Western New Guinea as one of the Oceanian parts of Indonesia (the other one are the Aru Islands) consists of 6 Indonesian provinces with special status: Central Papua, Highland Papua, Papua, South Papua, Southwest Papua and West Papua.
  68. ^ The Antarctic South Sandwich Islands as the Antarctic part of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands consist of the 2 archipelagos: the Central Islands (Saunders Island, Montagu Island, Bristol Island, Grindle Rock, Wilson Rock and Freezland Rock) and Southern Thule (Bellingshausen Island, Cook Island, Thule Island, Twitcher Rock and Vysokaya Bank); whereas the South American South Sandwich Islands consist of the 2 other archipelagos: the Traversay Islands (Protector Shoal, Zavodovski Island, Leskov Island and Visokoi Island) and the Candlemas Islands (Candlemas Island and Vindication Island). To sum up, the whole archipelago of the South Sandwich Islands is a transcontinental area between South America (Traversay Islands and Candlemas Islands) and the Antarctic (Central Islands and Southern Thule), while the other territories of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, of which the South Sandwich Islands are a part, called: South Georgia, Annenkov Island, Bird Island, Cooper Island, Grass Island, Jomfruene Islands, Pickersgill Islands, Trinity Island, Welcome Islands, Willis Islands, Shag Rocks, Black Rock and Clerke Rocks are geographically considered to be part of South America as well. And also, this makes South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands one of the transcontinental dependent territories in the world (just like it is with the French Southern and Antarctic Lands and Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha).
  69. ^ Kongens nei - 9. april (Norwegian)
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