Sindhob Amarin

Sindhob Amarin
สินธพอมรินทร์
King of Xiū Luó Fēn's Phraek Si Racha
Reign937–996
PredecessorSudhammaraja
SuccessorSundaradeśanā
King of Ayodhya
Reign980s–996
PredecessorGotraboṅ
SuccessorMerged into Phraek Si Racha (Title next held by Narai I)
Died996
Phraek Si Racha

Sindhob Amarin (Thai: สินธพอมรินทร์), also known by the abbreviated title Phraya Kreak (พญาแกรก), emerges as a monarch of the 10th century in mainland Southeast Asian historiography, principally attested in the Northern Chronicle and the Ayutthaya Testimonies.[1]: 35 [2]: 30–3  These sources identify him as a ruler exercising authority over the ancient polities of the Phraek Si Racha historical region, a strategic zone within the central Menam Basin.[1]: 35  While the Ayutthaya Testimonies do not explicitly record the dates of his reign, a chronological reconstruction derived from the narrative framework of the Northern Chronicle suggests that Sindhob Amarin's rule extended approximately from 937 to 996 CE.[a]

This reconstructed reign period partially overlaps with that of Sudhammaraja, another ruler associated with Phraek Si Racha, whose reign is estimated to have lasted from 922 to 957 CE.[b] The apparent overlap can be plausibly reconciled by the testimony of the Ayutthaya Testimonies, which records that Sudhammaraja subsequently relocated northward to establish Phitsanulok as his new political seat.[1]: 37  On this basis, it is reasonable to infer that Sindhob Amarin's accession coincided with, or immediately followed, Sudhammaraja's departure from Phraek Si Racha.

No extant source explicitly records the dynastic relationship between Sindhob Amarin and his predecessor, Sudhammaraja. Nevertheless, his reign corresponds chronologically with a period during which Tambralinga exerted influence over the lower Menam Basin, approximately from 927 CE to the mid-10th century, with Lavo functioning as a principal regional power center.[8]

Attack on Ayodhya

The Northern Chronicle further provides a narrative backdrop that illuminates Sindhob Amarin's millitary campaign. According to the chronicle, in 944 CE,[c] a nobleman from Mueang Bang Pan (บางพาน; in present-day Phran Kratai district) named Bhuddhasagara (พุทธสาคร) migrated southward and was subsequently enthroned as ruler of Mueang Wat Derm (เมืองวัดเดิม), later known as Ayodhya, located on the eastern bank of the Pasak River opposite the site of modern Ayutthaya Island. In 974 CE, Bhuddhasagara's son succeeded to the throne, only to be later deposed by Phraya Kreak. Upon this successful usurpation, Phraya Kreak assumed the regnal title Sindhob Amarin.[2]: 30–3 

Following his victory over the ruling house of Mueang Wat Derm, Sindhob Amarin consolidated political authority over both Mueang Wat Derm (Ayodhya) and Mueang Phreak, thereby unifying two key centers within the lower Pasak–Menam corridor. Notably, despite this expansion of control, he continued to maintain his principal seat of power at Phraek Si Racha.

Notes

  1. ^ Calculated from the text provided in the Northern Chronicle: Phrase 1: ...พระพุทธศักราช ๑๘๕๐...พระเจ้าสินธพอำมรินทร์เสวยราชสมบัติได้ ๓ ปี...[2]: 32  which is transcribed as ...Buddhist Era? 1850...Sindhob Amarin has been reigning for 3 years..., Phrase 2: ...จึงลบพระพุทธศักราช ๑๘๕๗ เปนจุลศักราช ๓๐๖...[2]: 33  transcribed as ... Buddhist Era? 1857 is changed to Chula Sakarat 306... On the basis of the two aforementioned textual references, it may be inferred that the reign of Sindhob Amarin commenced in Chula Sakarat 299 (corresponding to 937 CE). This chronological point appears to overlap with the reign of Bhuddhasagara and his son at Mueang Wat Derm. Consequently, the year 937 CE may reasonably be identified as the probable date of Sindhob Amarin’s enthronement at Mueang Phreak, and the Phrase 3: ...พระเจ้าสินธพอำมรินทร์เสวยราชสมบัติ ๕๙ ปี พระองค์สวรรคต... transcribed as ...Sindhob Amarin ruled for 59 years and died...[2]: 33  that means he died in 996 CE.
  2. ^ As Chen Li Fu was likewise centered in the Phraek Si Racha region,[3]: 18 [4]: 15  Chinese historical sources record that the dynasty’s first monarch ascended the throne in 1180 CE.[5]: 6–7  This chronological datum serves as a basis for retrospective calculation in determining the approximate period of reigns of the Siamese rulers belonging to this lineage. However, the Dong Mè Nang Mưo’ng Inscription (K. 766), dated to 1167 CE,[6] suggests that Sri Dharmasokaraja II may have extended his authority northward as far as present-day Nakhon Sawan Province, which would imply that the Phraek Si Racha region likewise fell under his control;[7]: 36–39  if this interpretation is accepted, the reigns of the Xiū Luó Fēn rulers in question must have ended no later than 1167 CE, rather than in 1180 CE.
  3. ^ Calculated from the text given in the chronicle: "สิ้น 97 ปีสวรรคต ศักราชได้ 336 ปี พระยาโคดมได้ครองราชสมบัติอยู่ ณ วัดเดิม 30 ปี"[2]: 30  which is transcribed as "…at the age of 97, he passed away in the year 336 of the Chula Sakarat. Phraya Kodom reigned in the Mueang Wat Derm for 30 years…."

References

  1. ^ a b c Fine Arts Department, ed. (1968) [First published in Thai in 1912.]. Khamhaikan Chao Krung Kao Khamhaikan Khun Luang Ha Wat Lae Phra Ratcha Pongsawadarn Krung Kao Chabab Luang Luang Prasoet Aksorn คำให้การชาวกรุงเก่า คำให้การขุนหลวงหาวัด และ พระราชพงศาวดารกรุงเก่าฉบับหลวงประเสริฐอักษรนิติ์ [Testimony of the King Who Entered a Wat, Testimony of the Inhabitants of the Old Capital, and Royal Chronicle of the Old Capital: Luang Prasoet Aksorn Version] (PDF) (in Thai). Bangkok: Rung Rueang Tham. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Phra Wichianpreecha (Noi) (1934). Northern Chronicle (in Thai). Royal Society of Thailand. Retrieved 2 October 2025.
  3. ^ Walailak Songsiri (2025). "ในดินแดนแห่งเจนลีฟู นครรัฐที่ไม่ได้อยู่ในอำนาจทางการเมืองของพระเจ้าชัยวรมันที่ ๗ สู่ปัญหาทางประวัตศาสตร์ที่หาทางออกไม่เจอของสังคมไทย" [In the land of Chen Li Fu, a city-state that was not under the political power of King Jayavarman VII, to the historical problems that cannot be solved for Thai society.]. Lek-Prapai Viriyahpant Foundation (in Thai). Retrieved 14 July 2025.
  4. ^ Walailak Songsiri (2025). ในดินแดนแห่งเจนลีฟูและตามหารากเง้าพระอาจารย์ธรรมโชติ [In the land of Cenlifu and searching for the roots of Master Thammachot] (in Thai). Lek-Prapai Viriyaphan Foundation.
  5. ^ O. W. Wolters (1960). "Chên Li Fu: A State On The Gulf Of Siam at the Beginning of the 14th Century". The Journal of the Siam Society. XLVIII.
  6. ^ "จารึกดงแม่นางเมือง" [Dong Mè Nang Mưo’ng Inscription]. Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre (in Thai). 8 September 2025. Archived from the original on 2025-12-17. Retrieved 18 December 2025.
  7. ^ Chatchai Sukrakarn (October 2005). "พระเจ้าศรีธรรมาโศกราช" [Sri Thammasokaraj] (PDF) (in Thai). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 August 2024. Retrieved 6 November 2024.
  8. ^ "๑ สหัสวรรษ แห่ง "พระนิยม"". Fine Arts Department (in Thai). Archived from the original on 25 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
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