South American long peace

The South American long peace (also referred to as the Latin American long peace) is a term used in international relations and history to describe the relative absence of large-scale interstate war in South America since the end of the Chaco War in 1935. While the region have high levels of internal conflict, coups d'état, and organised crime, it has remained an anomaly in global security studies for its persistent lack of major conventional wars between sovereign states. The region, however, continues to showcase high levels of intra-state violence despite the absence of war among states. In that sense it is not a peaceful region.^[1]

The concept emerged as a regional parallel to John Lewis Gaddis's "Long Peace" (the period of stability between great powers during the Cold War). Scholars such as Nicolás Terradas and Arie Kacowicz argue that South America constitutes a "zone of peace" or a "security community" in which the use of force to settle disputes has become increasingly rare.^[2] The contrast is clear when comparing South America with the more war-prone continents of Africa, Asia and Europe.^[3]

The "long peace" is usually dated from 1935 to the present. Although the region has witnessed militarised crises (such as the 1981 Paquisha War or the 1995 Cenepa War), these are viewed as low-intensity exceptions that did not escalate into full-scale war or destabilised the regional order.^[4] According to Kalevi Holsti the Falklands War of 1982 against the United Kingdom should not be counted as it was fought against a non-South American power.^[5]

The period prior to 1935 and in particular that of the 19th century has been described by scholars as one of balkanisation in South America as most of the then newly formed states found themselves in international war repeatedly through the century.^[6] States were often weak, with Argentina only coming into being as proper nation in 1860, and the weakness of Bolivia and Ecuador attracting foreign interference.^[7][8]

The 19th century saw many border disputes in South America. As most states based their border claims on the uti possidetis iuris a source of conflict was the poorly mapped or vagueness of borders inherited forn the Spanish Portuguese colonial eras.^[8] This was particularly true for much of Atacama Desert, Patagonia and the Amazon and Orinoco basins.^[9][8] Brazil however tended to apply a different criterion claiming de facto occupation of a territory as basis of claims.^[8]

In 1915 South America's three main regional powers; Argentina, Brazil and Chile signed the ABC Pact to establish the principles of non-aggression, consultation and arbitration in dispute resultion.

Scholarship on the South American long peace have framed thet stability of peace in South America in different approaches. Traditional views, such as those by Kalevi Holsti, describe South America as a "non-war zone" or a "negative peace," where war is absent but the underlying causes of conflict (border disputes, ideological rivalries) remain unresolved.^[10] Jorge Battaglino proposes that South America occupies a "hybrid peace" category.^[10] In this state, states may still experience militarised crises and engage in arms races, yet they possess robust diplomatic mechanisms (such as UNASUR) that prevent these tensions from erupting into full-scale war.^[10]

A central theme in the literature is the "Latin American paradox"—the coexistence of interstate peace with high levels of intrastate violence. Sabine Kurtenbach notes that while states do not fight each other, the region remains one of the most violent in the world due to homicides, social exclusion, and weak state institutions.^[11][2][12]

Scholars have proposed several theories to explain why South American states have avoided major wars. One is that there is a combination of geographic isolation, lack of "great power" ambitions, and a shared diplomatic culture which has sustained peace for over half a century.^[4] Another is that there is a shared identity and shared norms. From this follows that there is a role of a diplomatic culture and legalistic traditions (such as uti possidetis) that prioritize sovereignty and territorial integrity over expansionism.^[2] A third approach claims there is an institutional constraint against major conflicts. The proliferation of regional organizations has provided forums for mediation, reducing the likelihood of miscalculation during crises.^[10] Finally, some argue that South American militaries have historically been more concerned with internal security and regime maintenance (internal enemies) than with external conquest.^[12]

Critics of the "long peace" narrative, such as Sabine Kurtenbach, argue that a "minimalist" definition of peace –that is merely the absence of interstate war– ignores the structural violence and "non-war violence" that is common in the region. In this view, the "long peace" may be a facade that hides state failure to protect citizens from internal threats, organised crime, and systemic human rights abuses.^[12]

The long peace has not hindered international disputes in the region to attract military involvement.^[10][11]

The following is a list of the last war with at least 1000 casualties fought by each country in South America against a South American country.

Country	Conflict	End date	Fought against	Result
Argentina	Paraguayan War	1870	Paraguay	Military victory: Machaín-Irigoyen Treaty
Bolivia	Chaco War	1935	Paraguay	Military defeat: Bolivia–Paraguay Treaty of 1938
Brazil	Paraguayan War	1870	Paraguay	Military victory: Loizaga–Cotegipe Treaty
Chile	War of the Pacific	1884	Bolivia  Peru	Military victory: Treaty of Ancón Treaty of Valparaíso
Colombia	Ecuadorian–Colombian War[13]	1863	Ecuador	Military victory: Pinsaqui Treaty
Ecuador	Ecuadorian–Colombian War[13]	1863	Colombia	Military defeat: Pinsaqui Treaty
Guyana	Never been at war with another South American country	-	-	-
Paraguay	Chaco War	1935	Bolivia	Military victory: Bolivia–Paraguay Treaty of 1938
Peru	War of the Pacific	1883	Chile	Military defeat: Treaty of Ancón
Suriname	Never been at war with another South American country	-	-	-
Uruguay	Paraguayan War	1870	Paraguay	Military victory: Decoud-Kubly Treaty
Venezuela	Never been at war with another South American country	-	-	-

• American Treaty on Pacific Settlement
• 1978 Argentina–Chile crisis
• 2008 Andean diplomatic crisis
• 2023–2024 Guyana–Venezuela crisis
• America's Backyard
• Latin American integration
• Maximum neighbor hypothesis
• Narcoterrorism
• Pan-Americanism
• South American dreadnought race
• United States involvement in regime change in Latin America

• Bulcourf, Pablo; López Chorne, Juan; Sasso Videla, Franco (2025). Romero Tarin, Adela (ed.). A Comparative Historical Study of Peacekeeping Actions. Public Policy and Research in Latin Americ. pp. 129–158.
• Holsti, Kalevi J. (1996). The State, War and the State of War. Cambridge Studies in International Relations. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511628306. ISBN 978-0-511-62830-6. S2CID 150457372.
• Mares, D. R. (2015). "Interstate security issues in Latin America". In Domínguez, J. I.; Covarrubias, A. (eds.). Routledge handbook of Latin American in the world. pp. 420–433.