University of Pennsylvania

This article is about the private Ivy League research university in Philadelphia. For the public research university with campuses across Pennsylvania, see Pennsylvania State University.
For other institutions, see Pennsylvania University.

University of Pennsylvania
Arms of the University of Pennsylvania
Coat of arms
Latin: Universitas Pennsylvaniensis[1][2][3]
Former names
  • Academy and Charitable School in the Province of Pennsylvania (1751–1755)
  • College of Philadelphia (1755–1779, 1789–1791)[4]
  • University of the State of Pennsylvania (1779[note 1]–1791)
MottoLeges sine moribus vanae (Latin)
Motto in English
"Laws without morals are useless"
TypePrivate research university
EstablishedNovember 14, 1740 (1740-11-14)[note 2]
FounderBenjamin Franklin
AccreditationMSCHE
Religious affiliation
Nonsectarian
Academic affiliations
Endowment$24.8 billion (2025)[8]
Budget$4.4 billion (2024)[9]
PresidentJ. Larry Jameson
ProvostJohn L. Jackson Jr.
Academic staff
4,793 (2018)[10]
Total staff
39,859 (fall 2020; includes health system)[11]
Students23,374 (fall 2022)[12]
Undergraduates9,760 (fall 2022)[12]
Postgraduates13,614 (fall 2022)[12]
Location
Philadelphia
,
Pennsylvania
,
United States

39°57′01″N 75°11′41″W / 39.95028°N 75.19472°W / 39.95028; -75.19472
CampusLarge city,
NewspaperThe Daily Pennsylvanian
ColorsRed and blue[13]
   
NicknameQuakers
Sporting affiliations
MascotThe Quaker
Websiteupenn.edu Edit this at Wikidata

The University of Pennsylvania (Penn[note 3] or UPenn[note 4]) is a private Ivy League research university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. One of nine colonial colleges, it was chartered in 1755 through the efforts of founder and first president Benjamin Franklin, who had advocated for an educational institution that trained leaders in academia, commerce, and public service.[16]

The university has 4 undergraduate schools and 12 graduate and professional schools. Schools enrolling undergraduates include the College of Arts and Sciences, the School of Engineering and Applied Science, the Wharton School, and the School of Nursing.[17] Among its graduate schools are its law school, whose first professor, James Wilson, helped write the U.S. Constitution; and its medical school, the first in North America.

In fiscal year 2024, Penn reported $2.172 billion in research expenditures, ranking second among U.S. universities in the National Science Foundation’s Higher Education Research and Development (HERD) survey.[18][19] As of June 30, 2025, Penn’s endowment was $24.808 billion.[20] The University of Pennsylvania’s main campus is in the University City neighborhood of West Philadelphia, centered around College Hall. Campus landmarks include Houston Hall, often described as the first student union building in the United States.[21] Penn’s athletic facilities include Franklin Field, which has hosted college football since 1895 and was expanded into a two-tier stadium in 1922.[22] The university’s athletics program, the Penn Quakers, fields varsity teams in 33 sports as a member of NCAA Division I’s Ivy League conference.

Penn alumni, trustees, and faculty include 8 who signed the Declaration of Independence, 7 who signed the U.S. Constitution,[23] 24 members of the Continental Congress, 3 presidents of the United States,[note 5][24] 38 Nobel laureates, 9 foreign heads of state, 3 United States Supreme Court justices, at least 4 Supreme Court justices of foreign nations,[25] 32 U.S. senators, 163 members of the U.S. House of Representatives, 19 U.S. Cabinet secretaries, 46 governors, 28 State Supreme Court justices, 36 living undergraduate billionaires,[26] 5 recipients of the Medal of Honor,[27][28] and over 200 Olympic athletes (43 of whom earned 81 Olympic medals, 26 of them gold).[29]

History

Main article: History of the University of Pennsylvania

In 1740, a group of Philadelphians organized to erect a great preaching hall for George Whitefield, a traveling Anglican evangelist,[30] which was designed and constructed by Edmund Woolley. It was the largest building in Philadelphia at the time, and thousands of people attended it to hear Whitefield preach.[31]: 26 

In the fall of 1749, Benjamin Franklin, a Founding Father and polymath in Philadelphia, circulated a pamphlet, "Proposals Relating to the Education of Youth in Pensilvania," his vision for what he called a "Public Academy of Philadelphia".[32]

On June 16, 1755, the College of Philadelphia was chartered, paving the way for the addition of undergraduate instruction.[33]

Penn identifies as the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States, though this representation is challenged by Princeton and Columbia since the College of Philadelphia was not chartered or commence classes until 1755 and the first board of trustees was not convened until 1749, arguably making it the sixth or fifth-oldest.[note 2]

Campus

The Quadrangle dormitories, designed by Cope and Stewardson in a Collegiate Gothic style, are among the best-known buildings on Penn's campus.

The University of Pennsylvania's main campus occupies about 299 acres (121 ha) in the University City neighborhood of West Philadelphia and includes the University of Pennsylvania Campus Historic District. It contains most of the university's schools, research institutes, libraries, residences, and athletic facilities.

Architecture and layout

Much of the historic core campus was shaped by the Philadelphia firm Cope and Stewardson, whose work helped establish the campus's Collegiate Gothic character.[34][35][36] A central pedestrian spine, Locust Walk, connects major academic and residential areas; its conversion to a largely car-free corridor was developed in the mid-20th century and completed in the 1970s.[37]

Expansion and adjacent sites

Penn has expanded and redeveloped facilities beyond the historic core, including the Pennovation complex along the Schuylkill River, which includes flexible workspaces, laboratories, and incubator-style facilities.[38] The Wistar Institute is located adjacent to the campus and collaborates with the university in biomedical research.[39]

Parks and arboreta

Further information: Morris Arboretum

Penn maintains the Penn Campus Arboretum, an accredited arboretum encompassing the main campus and associated green spaces.[40] Penn also operates the Morris Arboretum, the official arboretum of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.[41]

New Bolton Center

Main article: New Bolton Center

Penn's veterinary school operates the New Bolton Center near Kennett Square, a large-animal hospital and research center.[42][43]

Libraries

Main articles: Penn Libraries and Van Pelt Library

Penn Libraries is a multi-library system anchored by Van Pelt Library and including specialized libraries and collections across the university, such as the Fisher Fine Arts Library.[44]

Museums, galleries, and public art

Main article: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology

Penn is home to the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology (Penn Museum).[45] The university also supports galleries and an outdoor public art collection across campus.[46] Notable works installed on or near campus include Simone Leigh's Brick House (2020) and Claes Oldenburg's Split Button (The Button).[47][46]

Residences

Main article: University of Pennsylvania College Houses

Undergraduates are housed primarily through the College Houses residential system, which combines on-campus housing with faculty-led programming and advising.[48]

  • The university's first purpose-built dormitory in the foreground (on right), built in 1765[49]
  • The Upper Quad, originally called The Triangle,[50] and formerly "The Men's Dormitory", viewed from the Memorial Tower[51]
  • Woodland Walk pathway between Hill College House and Lauder College House
  • Hill College House, a dormitory designed in 1958 to house female students, was designed by Eero Saarinen
  • "The Quad", formerly known as the Men's Dormitory, in 2014
  • The Alpha Tau Omega fraternity house, built by George W. Childs Drexel as one of two mansions for his daughters

Organization

See also: List of presidents of the University of Pennsylvania
University of Pennsylvania
Graduate and professional schools[52]
School Year founded
Medicine 1765[53]
Engineering 1852[54]
Law 1850[note 6]
Design 1868
Dental 1878[56]
Wharton 1881[57]
Arts and Sciences 1755[58]
Veterinary 1884[59]
Social Policy 1908
Education 1915
Nursing 1935
Communication 1958

The College of Arts and Sciences is the undergraduate division of the School of Arts and Sciences. The School of Arts and Sciences also contains the Graduate Division and the College of Liberal and Professional Studies, which is home to the Fels Institute of Government, the master's programs in Organizational Dynamics, and the Environmental Studies (MES) program. Wharton School is the business school of the University of Pennsylvania. Other schools with undergraduate programs include the School of Nursing and the School of Engineering and Applied Science (SEAS).

The current president is J. Larry Jameson (interim).[60]

Campus police

The University of Pennsylvania Police Department (UPPD) is the largest private police department in Pennsylvania, with 117 members. All officers are sworn municipal police officers and retain general law enforcement authority while on the campus.[61]

Seal

The 1757 seal of the academy and College of Philadelphia

The official seal of the Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania serves as the signature and symbol of authenticity on documents issued by the corporation.[62] The most recent design, a modified version of the original seal, was approved in 1932, adopted a year later and is still used for much of the same purposes as the original.[62] The official seal of the Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania serves as the signature and symbol of authenticity on documents issued by the corporation.[62] A request for one was first recorded in a meeting of the trustees in 1753 during which some of the Trustees "desired to get a Common Seal engraved for the Use of [the] Corporation." In 1756, a public seal and motto for the college was engraved in silver.[63]

The outer ring of the current seal is inscribed with "Universitas Pennsylvaniensis", the Latin name of the University of Pennsylvania. The inside contains seven stacked books on a desk with the titles of subjects of the trivium and a modified quadrivium, components of a classical education: Theolog[ia], Astronom[ia], Philosoph[ia], Mathemat[ica], Logica, Rhetorica and Grammatica. Between the books and the outer ring is the Latin motto of the university, "Leges Sine Moribus Vanae".[62]

The updated seal of the University of Pennsylvania with the school's present name of in Latin

Academics

The University of Pennsylvania is organized into twelve schools, including four undergraduate schools and eight graduate and professional schools.[64] Since at least the early 1970s, the university has used the term "One University" in institutional planning materials to describe coordination across its schools.[65]

Students may enroll in courses offered by schools other than their home school, subject to prerequisites and school- or program-specific rules.[65] Under a reciprocal cross-registration arrangement known as the Quaker Consortium, Penn students may take approved courses at Bryn Mawr College, Haverford College, and Swarthmore College.[66]

Admissions

Undergraduate admission is selective. For the Class of 2026 (entering fall 2022), Penn received 54,588 applications and admitted 3,404 applicants (4.24%).[67][68] Reported test score ranges for enrolled first-year students (25th–75th percentile) were 1510–1560 (SAT) and 34–36 (ACT).[67]

Admission is need-blind for U.S., Canadian, and Mexican applicants.[69]

Reputation and rankings

Academic rankings
National
Forbes[70]10
U.S. News & World Report[71]7 (tie)
Washington Monthly[72]15
WSJ/College Pulse[73]13
Global
ARWU[74]14
QS[75]15
THE[77]14[76]
U.S. News & World Report[78]15

U.S. News & World Report's 2024 rankings place Penn 6th of 394 national universities in the United States.[71] In international rankings, Penn is consistently placed among the top universities globally by several publications.[79] The Princeton Review student survey ranked Penn in 2023 as 7th in their Dream Colleges list.[80] Penn was ranked 4th of 444 in the United States by College Factual for 2024.[81] The Wall Street Journal reported in 2024 that Penn's undergraduate alumni earned the 5th highest salaries (taking into account the cost of education and other factors[82]).

Among its professional schools, the school of education was ranked number one in 2021 and Wharton School was ranked number one in 2022[83] and 2024[84] and the communication, dentistry, medicine, nursing, law and veterinary schools rank in the top 5 nationally.[85] Penn's Law School was ranked number 4 in 2023[86] and Penn's School of Design and Architecture, and its School of Social Policy and Practice are ranked in the top 10.[85]

Research

ENIAC, the first general purpose electronic computer, founded at Penn in 1946

Penn is classified as an "R1" doctoral university: "Highest research activity".[87] A 2016 study estimated Penn's economic impact on the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in 2015 at $14.3 billion.[88] Penn reported research expenditures totaling over $1.9 billion in 2023; the National Science Foundation ranked Penn third among U.S. universities in reported research and development spending for that year.[89] In fiscal year 2019, Penn received $582.3 million in funding from the National Institutes of Health.[90]

Penn's research centers and institutes often span multiple disciplines. In the 2010–2011 academic year, several interdisciplinary research centers were created or substantially expanded, including the Center for Health-care Financing,[91] the Center for Global Women's Health at the Nursing School,[92] and the Translational Research Center at Penn Medicine.[93] Penn also supports cross-school faculty appointments through the "Penn Integrates Knowledge" program.[94]

Research conducted at Penn has been associated with developments in computing and medicine. During World War II, engineers at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering developed ENIAC, an early electronic general-purpose computer, at the University of Pennsylvania.[95][96] In oncology, Penn Medicine researchers were involved in the development of CAR T cell therapy; the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved tisagenlecleucel (Kymriah) in 2017 as the first CAR T-cell immunotherapy approved by the agency.[97][98]

Penn faculty have also been recognized through major scientific awards. In 1972, physicist John Robert Schrieffer, then a professor at the University of Pennsylvania, shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for work on the theory of superconductivity (BCS theory).[99] In 2000, chemist Alan G. MacDiarmid, then a professor at the University of Pennsylvania, shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery and development of electrically conductive polymers.[100]

Student life

Main article: University of Pennsylvania student life

Penn offers undergraduate housing through its College Houses system, which includes residence halls and residential programs that combine housing with faculty involvement and student programming.[101]

Penn students participate in a wide range of student organizations, including publications, performing arts groups, and community and cultural organizations. Student media include The Daily Pennsylvanian, an independent student-run newspaper founded in 1885, and 34th Street Magazine.[102] One of the university’s oldest student organizations is the Philomathean Society, founded in 1813.[103]

Penn’s performing arts groups include ensembles such as the University of Pennsylvania Glee Club and the University of Pennsylvania Band.[104][105] Student performing arts groups are coordinated through the university’s Performing Arts Council.[106]

Student health and well-being

Student life at Penn has been the subject of national attention in discussions of student stress and campus mental health. The term "Penn Face" has been used to describe a perceived culture of presenting confidence or happiness despite academic and social pressures.[107] The university has convened task forces and issued reports addressing student psychological health and welfare.[108]

Athletics

Main article: Penn Quakers
Penn’s early cricket team, one of the university’s first organized sports, in 1843

Penn’s varsity teams are known as the Penn Quakers (also called “the Red and Blue”).[109] Penn competes in NCAA Division I and is a member of the Ivy League. Its football team competes in the Division I Football Championship Subdivision. Penn sponsors 33 varsity sports.[110]

Several of Penn’s athletics traditions and facilities are nationally notable. Franklin Field, home to Penn football and the annual Penn Relays, is among the country’s best-known historic college stadiums. Penn’s athletics history includes early participation in sports such as cricket and rowing, and the university has produced numerous Olympic athletes and medalists.[111]

Notable programs

Football – Ivy League competition at Franklin Field; notable alumni include Chuck Bednarik.[112]

Men’s basketball – A long-running Ivy League program and a member of Philadelphia’s Big 5; Penn’s best-known postseason run was its 1979 Final Four appearance.[113]

Rowing – One of Penn’s oldest competitive sports, with long-standing participation on Philadelphia’s Boathouse Row and alumni who have competed internationally.[114]

Track and field – Central to Penn’s athletics identity through the Penn Relays, one of the sport’s major annual meets.[115]

For detailed histories and season-by-season results, see the main article and individual sport pages:

Main article: Penn Quakers football
Main article: Penn Quakers men's basketball

Facilities

Penn's Franklin Field, in photograph taken shortly after completion of the upper deck in 1925

Franklin Field, with a present seating capacity of 52,593,[116] is where the Quakers play football, lacrosse, sprint football and track and field (and formerly played baseball, field hockey, soccer, and rugby). It is the oldest stadium still operating for college football games,[117] first stadium to sport two tiers,[118] first stadium in the country to have a scoreboard, second stadium to have a radio broadcast of football, first stadium from which a commercially televised football game was broadcast,[116] and first stadium from which college football game was broadcast in color.[119] Franklin Field also played host to the Philadelphia Eagles from 1958 to 1970.[116] Since 1895, Franklin Field has hosted the annual collegiate track and field event "the Penn Relays", which is the oldest and largest track and field competition in the United States.[120]

Penn's Palestra is often referred to as the Cathedral of College Basketball.[121]

Penn's Palestra is home gym of the Penn Quakers men's and women's basketball and volleyball teams, wrestling team, Philadelphia Big Five basketball, and other high school and college sporting events, and is located mere yards from Franklin Field.[122] The Palestra has been called "the most important building in the history of college basketball" and "changed the entire history of the sport for which it was built".[123] The Palestra has hosted more NCAA Tournament basketball games than any other facility.

Penn's River Fields hosts a number of athletic fields including the Rhodes Soccer Stadium, the Ellen Vagelos C'90 Field Hockey Field, and Irving "Moon" Mondschein Throwing Complex.[124] Penn baseball plays its home games at Meiklejohn Stadium at Murphy Field.

Penn's Class of 1923 Arena (with seating for up to 3,000 people) was built to host the University of Pennsylvania Varsity Ice Hockey Team, which has been disbanded, and now hosts or in the past hosted: Penn's Men's and Penn Women's club ice hockey teams, practices or exhibition games for the Philadelphia Flyers, Colorado Avalanche and Carolina Hurricanes, roller hockey for the Philadelphia Bulldogs professional team, and rock concerts such as one in 1982 featuring Prince.[125][126][127]

People

Main article: List of University of Pennsylvania people § Alumni

Notable people

Penn alumni, faculty and trustees include those who have distinguished themselves in the sciences, academia, politics, business, military, sports, arts, and media.

Since its founding, Penn alumni, trustees, and faculty have included eight Founding Fathers of the United States who signed the Declaration of Independence,[23] seven who signed the United States Constitution,[23] and 24 members of the Continental Congress.

Penn alumni include two presidents of the United States (William Henry Harrison,[note 5] and Donald Trump),[129][130] 32 U.S. senators, 163 members of the U.S. House of Representatives, 19 U.S. Cabinet Secretaries, 46 governors, and 28 State Supreme Court justices, 36 billionaires,[26][131] and as of 2023 there have been 38 Nobel laureates affiliated (see List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation) with the University.[132][133]

Prior to becoming president of the United States, Joe Biden was a Benjamin Franklin Presidential Practice Professor at University of Pennsylvania, where he led the Penn Biden Center for Diplomacy and Global Engagement, a center focused principally on diplomacy, foreign policy, and national security.[134][135]

Nine foreign heads of state attended Penn (including former prime minister of the Philippines, Cesar Virata; first president of Nigeria, Nnamdi Azikiwe; first president of Ghana, Kwame Nkrumah, former Prime Minister of Latvia, Krišjānis Kariņš, former President of Panama, Ernesto Pérez Balladares, former President of Argentina, Mauricio Macri, former President of Estonia, Toomas Hendrik Ilves, and the current president of Ivory Coast, Alassane Ouattara.[136]

Penn alumni or faculty also include three United States Supreme Court justices (William J. Brennan,[137] Owen J. Roberts,[138] and James Wilson) and four Supreme Court justices of foreign nations, (including Ronald Wilson of the High Court of Australia, Ayala Procaccia of the Israel Supreme Court, Yvonne Mokgoro, former justice of the Constitutional Court of South Africa, and Irish Court of Appeal justice Gerard Hogan).

Penn alumni in business, finance and investment banking include Warren Buffett[note 7] (CEO of Berkshire Hathaway), Charles Butt (Chairman and CEO of H-E-B),[139] Richard Bloch (Co-founder of H&R Block), Josh Harris (Co-founder of Apollo Global Management),[140] Leonard Lauder (Chairman & CEO of The Estée Lauder Companies),[141] Elon Musk (CEO of Tesla, cofounder of OpenAI and Neuralink, founder of SpaceX, The Boring Company and xAI),[142] Edmund T. Pratt Jr. (Chairman & CEO of Pfizer),[143] and Sundar Pichai (CEO of Alphabet and Google).[144]

Penn alumni have won 53 Tony Awards,[145][146] 17 Grammy Awards,[147] 25 Emmy Awards,[148][149] 13 Oscars, and 1 EGOT (John Legend[150]).[note 8]

In the military, Penn alumni include Samuel Nicholas, "founder" of United States Marine Corps[151] and William A. Newell, whose congressional action formed a predecessor to the current United States Coast Guard.[152] Two Penn alumni have been NASA astronauts,[153] and five Penn alumni have been awarded the Medal of Honor.[27][28]

In 1952, in presence of then Penn President Harold Stassen Penn installed (near corner of 33rd Street and Smith Walk) "War Memorial Flagpole" (aka "All Wars Memorial to Penn Alumni"), which honors Penn faculty, students, and alumni who died in military service.[154]

At least 43 different Penn alumni have earned 81 Olympic medals (26 gold).[29][note 9]

Penn's alumni also include poets Ezra Pound and William Carlos Williams,[155] civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr.,[156] linguist and political theorist Noam Chomsky, athletes Jerome Allen, Chuck Bednarik, Mark DeRosa,[157] Doug Glanville,[158] and Justin Watson,[159] businesspeople Steve Cohen,[160] J. D. Power III,[161] Donald Trump Jr.,[162] Ivanka Trump[163] and George Herbert Walker IV, journalist's Max Blumenthal, Nancy Cordes, Jeffrey Goldberg,[164] Andrea Mitchell[165] and Ashley Parker,[166] architect Louis Kahn, cartoonist Charles Addams, actors and actresses Candice Bergen,[167] Elizabeth Banks,[168] Bruce Dern, Melissa Fitzgerald, James McDaniel, Becki Newton and Noah Schnapp.

Alumni organizations

Penn has over 120 international alumni clubs in 52 countries and 37 states, which offer opportunities for alumni to reconnect, participate in events, and work on collaborative initiatives.[169] In addition, in 1989, Penn bought a 14-story clubhouse building (purpose-built for Yale Club) in New York City from Touro College for $15 million[170] to house Penn's largest alumni chapter. After raising a separate $25 million (including $150,000+ donations each from such alumni as Estee Lauder heirs Leonard Lauder and Ronald Lauder, Saul Steinberg, Michael Milken, Donald Trump, and Ronald Perelman) and two years of renovation,[171] the Penn Club of New York moved to its current location at 30 West 44th Street on NYC's Clubhouse Row.[172]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ see "Statutes of the Trustees". University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved September 12, 2022.
  2. ^ a b The university officially uses 1740 as its founding date and has since 1899. The ideas and intellectual inspiration for the academic institution stem from 1749, with a pamphlet published by Benjamin Franklin (1705/1706–1790). When Franklin's institution was established, it inhabited a schoolhouse built on November 14, 1740, for another school, which never came to practical fruition.[5] Penn archivist Mark Frazier Lloyd noted, "In 1899, UPenn's Trustees adopted a resolution that established 1740 as the founding date, but good cases may be made for 1749, when Franklin first convened the Trustees, or 1751, when the first classes were taught at the affiliated secondary school for boys, Academy of Philadelphia, or 1755, when Penn obtained its collegiate charter to add a post-secondary institution, the College of Philadelphia."[6] Princeton's library presents another diplomatically-phrased view.[7]
  3. ^ The registered trademark as the primary substitute for using the University's full name; it is part of the university's official brand.[14]
  4. ^ From The Pennsylvania Gazette: "The University's online style guide says that while Penn is the officially sanctioned term, UPenn is 'permissible ... in situations where it may help to distinguish Penn from other universities within the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania."[15] UPenn is the element used in the university's domain name.
  5. ^ a b William Henry Harrison studied medicine at Penn from 1790 until his father died in 1791; after his father's death Harrison left the University to join the army.[128]
  6. ^ In 1790, the first lecture on law was given by James Wilson; however, a full time program was not offered until 1850.[55]
  7. ^ Buffett studied at Penn for two years before he transferred to the University of Nebraska.
  8. ^ See List of University of Pennsylvania people 'Arts, media, and entertainment' section for list of Penn alumni who earned Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, and Tony award winners, replete with hyperlinks.
  9. ^ See list of University of Pennsylvania people athletics section for a list of Penn Olympic medal winners.

References

  1. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions | Office of the University Secretary".
  2. ^ Record of the Jubilee Celebrations of the University of Sydney. Sydney, New South Wales: William Brooks and Co. 2009 [1903]. ISBN 9781112213304.
  3. ^ Actes du Jubilé de 1909 (in Swiss French). Geneva, Switzerland: Georg Keck & Cie. 2016 [1910]. ISBN 9781360078335.
  4. ^ "Penn in the 18th Century". upenn.edu. Archived from the original on April 28, 2006. Retrieved July 20, 2021.
  5. ^ "Penn History Exhibits". University Archives and Records Center. Archived from the original on August 22, 2019. Retrieved January 31, 2019.
  6. ^ "A Penn Trivial Pursuit – Penn Current". June 3, 2011. Archived from the original on June 3, 2011.
  7. ^ Weeren, John (March 19, 2003) [20 July 2001]. "Seeley G. Mudd Library: FAQ Princeton vs. University of Pennsylvania: Which is the Older Institution?". Princeton University. Archived from the original on March 19, 2003.
  8. ^ "About Us Penn Office of Investments". Penn Office of Investments. June 30, 2025. Retrieved October 11, 2025.
  9. ^ "Operating Budget". Office of Budget and Management Analysis, University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on October 9, 2023. Retrieved December 10, 2023.
  10. ^ "Penn: Penn Facts". University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on October 23, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  11. ^ "Facts". University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on January 24, 2020. Retrieved February 1, 2020.
  12. ^ a b c "Common Data Set 2022–2023" (PDF). University of Pennsylvania. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 3, 2023. Retrieved September 12, 2023.
  13. ^ "Elements of the Penn Logo". Branding.Web-Resources.UPenn.edu. Retrieved November 14, 2022.
  14. ^
  15. ^ Yagoda, Ben (August 29, 2017). "Penn v. UPenn". The Pennsylvania Gazette. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2024.
  16. ^ "Penn's History". University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved January 4, 2026.
  17. ^ "Schools". University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved January 4, 2026.
  18. ^ "Higher Education Research and Development: Fiscal Year 2024". National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES), National Science Foundation. Retrieved February 14, 2026.
  19. ^ "Table 20. Higher education R&D expenditures, ranked by all sources of funds: FY 2024" (PDF). National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES), National Science Foundation. Retrieved February 14, 2026.
  20. ^ "FY25 Annual Report (endowment total)" (PDF). University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved February 14, 2026.
  21. ^ "Houston Hall". SAH Archipedia (Society of Architectural Historians). Retrieved February 14, 2026.
  22. ^ "Philadelphia's Franklin Field". Ancestry. Retrieved February 14, 2026.
  23. ^ a b c "Penn Notables: Penn Signers of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution". Penn University Archives and Records Center. Penn Libraries, University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on June 4, 2024. Archived March 7, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
  24. ^ two as students: William Henry Harrison see note 5, and Donald Trump and one as Professor: Joe Biden https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/02/us/politics/biden-ambassador-germany-gutmann.html?smid=nytcore-
  25. ^ see list with citations in Notable People section
  26. ^ a b "Nearly a fifth of America's billionaires went to just 5 colleges". Quartz. June 9, 2024. Slide 1: University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved June 10, 2024.
  27. ^ a b Ahern, Joseph-James; Hawley, Scott W. (January 2011). "Congressional Medals of Honor, Recipients from the Civil War". University Archives and Records Center. Penn Libraries, University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on January 23, 2019. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
  28. ^ a b "Frederick C. Murphy, Our Facility's Namesake". archives.gov. National Archives at Boston. August 15, 2016. Retrieved October 14, 2023.
  29. ^ a b "Penn in the Olympics". University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on August 21, 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2021.
  30. ^ see second footnote 9 in Extracts from the Benjamin Franklin published Pennsylvania Gazette, (January 3 to December 25, 1740) – Founders Online https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-02-02-0065 Archived August 26, 2023, at the Wayback Machine "Note: The annotations to this document, and any other modern editorial content, are copyright the American Philosophical Society and Yale University. All rights reserved."
  31. ^ Montgomery, Thomas Harrison (1900). A History of the University of Pennsylvania from Its Foundation to A. D. 1770. Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Co. LCCN 00003240.
  32. ^ Friedman, Steven Morgan. "A Brief History of the University, University of Pennsylvania Archives". Archives.upenn.edu. Archived from the original on January 2, 2010. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
  33. ^ Wood, George Bacon (1834). The History of the University of Pennsylvania, from Its Origin to the Year 1827. McCarty and Davis. p. 13. LCCN 07007833. OCLC 760190902.
  34. ^ "Walter Cope". Archived from the original on March 23, 2023. Retrieved March 23, 2023.
  35. ^ "John Stewardson". University Archives and Records Center. Penn Libraries, University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on March 23, 2023. Retrieved March 23, 2023.
  36. ^ Cope & Stewardson (fl. 1885–1912) data from the Philadelphia Architects and Buildings (PAB) project of the Athenaeum of Philadelphia
  37. ^ Leong, Jeanne (October 22, 2015). "For the Record: Locust Walk". University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved December 5, 2024.
  38. ^ Helmer, Madeleine (March 16, 2017). "Tracking The Evolution Of Industry At 34th And Grays Ferry". Pennovation Works University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on June 23, 2021. Retrieved March 19, 2021.
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