Vladislav I of Wallachia

Vladislav I (Vlaicu-Vodă)
Voivode of Wallachia
Voivode of Wallachia
ReignNovember 1364–1377
PredecessorNicholas Alexander
SuccessorRadu I of Wallachia
Died1377 (1378)
HouseBasarab
FatherNicolae Alexandru

Vladislav I of the Basarab dynasty, also known as Vlaicu[1] or Vlaicu-Vodă, was the Voivode of Wallachia between 1364 and 1377. He was the son of Nicholas Alexander of Wallachia and Clara Dobokai.

In February 1369, Vladislav I subdued Vidin[2] and recognised Louis I of Hungary as his overlord, in return for Severin, Amlaș, Făgăraș and 120,000 ducats. In 1375, Louis I took Severin again,[3] but Vladislav I recovered it, in 1376–1377.[4][5]

Family

Vladislav I was the son of Nicholas Alexander of Wallachia and Clara Dobokai. It has been suggested that his son was Vlad I of Wallachia.[6]

Reign

Vladislav Vlaicu's portrait on the frame of an icon gifted to the Great Lavra[7]

During his reign, the Metropolis of Muntenia and Dobrudja was split in two parts, as a single bishop did not suffice for the entire country, thus creating the Metropolis of Oltenia.[8][9] The first monasteries in Wallachia were erected by Nicodemus of Tismana (Vodița Monastery and Tismana Monastery) with the support of the voivode.[10][11][12] Vlaicu also supported the community of Mount Athos. In particular, he offered a substantial donation to the Koutloumousiou Monastery and its abbot, Chariton of Imbros, in September 1369.[13] The funds were used to expand the monastery and construct the main church which can be seen today.[14]

Relations with the Hungarian Crown

See also: Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526) and Louis I of Hungary

Louis assembled his armies in Temesvár (now Timișoara in Romania) in February 1365.[15] According to a royal charter that year, he was planning to invade Wallachia because the new voivode, Vladislav I, had refused to obey him.[15] However, he ended up heading a campaign against the Bulgarian Tsardom of Vidin and its ruler Ivan Sratsimir, which suggests that Vladislav I had in the meantime yielded to him.[15] Louis seized Vidin and imprisoned Ivan Stratsimir in May or June.[16][17] In 1366, Louis granted the Banate of Severin and the district of Fogaras to Vladislav Vlaicu of Wallachia, who had accepted his suzerainty.[18][19] In 1368, Vladislav I cooperated with Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria, the father of Ivan Sratsimir of Vidin, against the Hungarians.[17][20] Their united armies imposed a blockade on the Hungarian-occupied Vidin.[21]

Louis marched to the Lower Danube and ordered Nicholas Lackfi, Voivode of Transylvania, to invade Wallachia in the autumn of 1368.[21] The voivode's army marched through the valley of the Ialomița River, but the Wallachians ambushed it and killed many Hungarian soldiers, including the voivode.[22] After this victory, Vlaicu went on the offensive and captured Vidin in early 1369. During his brief occupation, he allowed the massacre of the Franciscans by the Greek missionaries and the locals.[23] In the summer of 1369, Louis launched a successful campaign against Wallachia from the west and Vladislav Vlaicu yielded to him.[22][24] In the ensuing negotiations, Louis restored Ivan Sratsimir in Vidin upon his initiative.[25]

Coinage

The 3 types of Wallachian ducats, from top to bottom in numerical order.

Vladislav I was the first Wallachian voivode to mint local coins around 1365.[26] The coins were made exclusively from silver and they were classified in 3 categories:[26]

  • I - Ducats, with a diameter of 18-21 mm and an average weight of 1,05 grams. There were 3 types of the Wallachian ducats:
    • type I, which had solely Cyrillic inscriptions, featuring on the obverse the inscription +IWBЛAДICЛABABOEBWД and a shield with a cross on top divided into two halves vertically, one being traversed by horizontal stripes and the other featuring a crescent, while on the reverse featuring an eagle with the head tilted to the left sitting on a knightly helmet with a cross to its left;
    • type II, which had both Latin and Cyrillic inscriptions, featuring on the obverse the inscription +MLADIZLAIWAIWODE or +IWBЛAДICЛAB and a Jerusalem cross, while on the reverse featuring the inscription +TRANS-ALPIN or +IWBЛAДICЛAB BOE and the same model as type I, but mirrored;
    • type III, which, akin to type II had both Cyrillic and Latin inscriptions, featuring on the obverse the inscription +MLADIZLAIWAIWODE or +IWANABЛATICЛABOIBOДA and a shield divided into two halves vertically, one being traversed by horizontal stripes and the other being blank, while on the reverse featuring the inscription +TRANS-ALPINI or +IWAN-BЛATI and the same illustration as type II.[26]
  • II - Dinars, with a diameter of 16-18 mm and an average weight of 0,7 grams. They looked the same as type III ducats and also featured the same Cyrillic or Latin inscriptions, however they were smaller and lighter.[26]
  • III - Bans, with a diameter of 14-16 mm and an average weight of 0,35 grams. On the obverse, they featured the same imagery as type II and III ducats did on the reverse, with the exception of the inscription, which was Б-Л, while on the reverse they featured a Jerusalem cross.[26]

References

  1. ^ Czamańska 1996, p. 198.
  2. ^ Czamańska 1996, p. 200.
  3. ^ Lukács 1991, pp. 170–171.
  4. ^ Ioniță, Kelemen & Simon 2017, p. 603.
  5. ^ Társulat, Szent István (2014). "The Hungarian Catholic Lexicon(Hungarian)". Szent István Társulat.
  6. ^ Czamańska 1996, p. 211.
  7. ^ Năsturel, Petre Ș. (1951). "Aux origines des relations roumano-athonites. L'icône de saint Athanase de Lavra du voïvode Vladislav". Actes du VIe Congrès d'Etudes Byzantines (in French). II. Paris: 307–314 – via Academia.edu.
  8. ^ (in Romanian) "Mitropolia Olteniei" Archived 2016-07-30 at the Wayback Machine, at the Ministry of Culture and National Patrimony, Under-Secretariat for Culture and Religious Affairs
  9. ^ Millet, Gabriel (1937). Documente românești în limba slavă din mânăstirile Muntelui Athos 1372-1658. Grigore Nandris.
  10. ^ "Romanian Monasteries - Tismana Monastery - Pictures, Information".
  11. ^ "Vodita Monastery".
  12. ^ Boškov, Svetozar; Stojkovski, Boris. "One Mention of Saint Nicodemus of Tismana in the Life of the Elder Isaiah Un Mention de Saint Nicodème de Tismana dans la Vie d'Isaïe l'Aîné O Menţiune a Sfântului Nicodim Din Tismana În Viaţa Lui Isaia Premergătorul".
  13. ^ Mărculeț, Vasile. "Legăturile Țărilor Române și Sfântul Munte Athos până la căderea Bizanțului (1453)". dacoromania-alba.ro (in Romanian). Retrieved 17 August 2025.
  14. ^ "Η μονη". koutloumous.com (in Greek). Retrieved 17 August 2025.
  15. ^ a b c Kristó 1988, p. 152.
  16. ^ Божилов 1994, pp. 202–203.
  17. ^ a b Fine 1994, pp. 366–367.
  18. ^ Pop 2006, p. 249.
  19. ^ Engel 2001, p. 165.
  20. ^ Kristó 1988, p. 157.
  21. ^ a b Kristó 1988, p. 158.
  22. ^ a b Kristó 1988, pp. 158–159.
  23. ^ Ioniță, Kelemen & Simon 2017, pp. 217, 585–586.
  24. ^ Solymosi & Körmendi 1981, p. 220.
  25. ^ Kristó 1988, p. 160.
  26. ^ a b c d e Bogdan Costin, Pinzar Alexandru (2003). "Monedele Moldovei și Valahiei". Asociaţia Culturală „Memoria Sucevei“.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vladislav I Vlaicu.

Bibliography

  • Божилов, Иван (1994). "Иван Срацимир, цар във Видин (1352/1353 — 1396)". Фамилията на Асеневци (1186–1460). Генеалогия и просопография (in Bulgarian). София: Българска академия на науките. ISBN 954-430-264-6. OCLC 38087158.
  • Czamańska, Ilona (1996). Mołdawia i Wołoszczyzna wobec Polski, Węgier i Turcji w XIV i XV wieku (in Polish). Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM. ISBN 83-232-0733-X.
  • Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-4175-4080-8. OCLC 56676014.
  • Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1994) [1987]. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-10079-8. OCLC 749133662.
  • Kristó, Gyula (1988). Az Anjou-kor háborúi [Wars in the Age of the Angevins] (in Hungarian). Zrínyi Kiadó. ISBN 9633269059.
  • Lukács, Antál (1991). "O campanie angevină necunoscută din 1382". Anuarul Institutului de Istorie A.D. Xenopol (in Romanian). XXVIII. Iași: Editura Academei Române.
  • Ioniță, Adrian; Kelemen, Beatrice; Simon, Alexandru (2017). AL WA: Prințul Negru al Vlahiei și vremurile sale [AL WA: The Black Prince of Wallachia and his times] (in Romanian). Cluj-Napoca: Academia Română - Centrul de Studii Transilvane, Editura Argonaut. ISBN 9786068694719 – via Academia.edu.
  • Pop, Ioan-Aurel (2006). "Romanians in the 14th–16th Centuries: From the "Christian Republic" to the "Restoration of Dacia"". In Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Bolovan, Ioan (eds.). History of Romania: Compendium. Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies). pp. 209–314. ISBN 978-973-7784-12-4. OCLC 123906375.
  • Solymosi, László; Körmendi, Adrienne (1981). "A középkori magyar állam virágzása és bukása, 1301–1506 [The Heyday and Fall of the Medieval Hungarian State, 1301–1526]". In Solymosi, László (ed.). Magyarország történeti kronológiája, I: a kezdetektől 1526-ig [Historical Chronology of Hungary, Volume I: From the Beginning to 1526] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 188–228. ISBN 978-963-05-2661-6. OCLC 313143718.


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