Bengali dialects

The Bengali dialects (Bengali: বাংলা উপভাষা [baŋla upobʱaʃa]) or Bengali varieties (বাংলা ভাষিকা [baŋla bʱaʃika]) are the varieties of the Bengali language, an Eastern Indo-Aryan language of the Indo-European language family, widely spoken in the Bengal region of South Asia. The spoken dialects of Bengali are mutually intelligible with neighbouring dialects.

Bengali dialects can be classified along at least two dimensions: spoken vs. literary variations, and prestige vs. regional variations.

Suniti Kumar Chatterji and Sukumar Sen classified Bengali dialects in five classes by their phonology, morphology and pronunciation. They are:^[1][2]

1. Eastern Bengali/Bangali dialects: the most widely spoken dialect of Bengali language. It is spoken across the Khulna, Barisal, Dhaka, Mymensingh, Sylhet and Chittagong Divisions of Bangladesh and the State of Tripura in India. However, it's not a widely accepted grouping as dialects spoken in Khulna are much closer to Central dialects. Dialects spoken in central, central-north and southern Bangladesh are very different from Sylheti and Chittagonian dialects.
2. Central Bengali/Rarhi dialects: spoken across much of Southern West Bengal, India and Southwestern Bangladesh. It is spoken by almost 20 percent of Bengali people. The regions where it is spoken include the whole of Presidency division, the northern half of Khulna Division, the southern half of Burdwan division and much of the district of Murshidabad.
3. North Central Bengali/Varendri dialects: This variety is spoken in Rajshahi Division, Western and southern Rangpur Division of Bangladesh and Malda division of West Bengal, India (previously part of Varendra or Barind division). It is also spoken in some adjoining villages in Bihar bordering Malda.
4. Western Bengali/Manbhumi dialects: spoken in the westernmost Bengali speaking regions which includes the whole of Medinipur division and the northern half of Burdwan division in West Bengal. Also included are the so-called Jharkhandi dialects spoken in Santhal Pargana division and Kolhan division.^[3]
5. Northern/Kamta, Rajbanshi, Deshi and Surjapuri (KRDS) dialects: spoken in eastern Rangpur Division of Bangladesh and Jalpaiguri division of West Bengal, India and nearby areas in Goalpara of Assam, Kishanganj of Bihar and the Nepali province of Koshi.

More than other Indo-Aryan languages, Bengali exhibits strong diglossia between the formal, written language and the vernacular, spoken language. Two styles of writing, involving somewhat different vocabularies and syntax, have emerged :^[4][5]

1. Shadhubhasha (সাধুভাষা) is the written language with longer verb inflections and a more Sanskrit-derived (তৎসম tôtshôm) vocabulary (সাধু shadhu = 'chaste' or 'sage'; ভাষা bhasha = 'language'). Songs such as India's national anthem Jana Gana Mana (by Rabindranath Tagore) and national song Vande Mātaram (by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay) were composed in Shadhubhasha, but its use is on the wane in modern writing.
2. Choltibhasha (চলতিভাষা ) or Cholitobhasha (চলিতভাষা), a written Bengali style that reflects a more colloquial idiom, is increasingly the standard for written Bengali (চলিত cholito = 'current' or 'running'). This form came into vogue towards the turn of the 19th century, in an orthography promoted in the writings of Peary Chand Mitra (Alaler ghare dulal, 1857),^[6] Pramatha Chowdhury (Sabujpatra, 1914) and in the later writings of Rabindranath Tagore. It is modeled on the dialect spoken in the Shantipur and Shilaidaha region in Nadia and Kushtia Districts. This form of Bengali is often referred to as the "Kushtia standard" (Bangladesh) or "Nadia dialect" (West Bengal).^[7]

Spoken Bengali exhibits far more variation than written Bengali. Formal spoken Bengali, including what is heard in news reports, speeches, announcements, and lectures, is modelled on Choltibhasha. This form of spoken Bengali stands alongside other spoken dialects, or Ancholik Bangla (আঞ্চলিক বাংলা) (i.e. 'regional Bengali'). The majority of Bengalis are able to communicate in more than one dialect – often, speakers are fluent in Choltibhasha, one or more Ancholik dialect, and one or more forms of Gramyo Bangla (গ্রাম্য বাংলা) (i.e. 'rural Bengali'), dialects specific to a village or town.

To a non-Bengali, these dialects may sound or look vastly different, but the differences are mostly in Pronunciation and vocabulary, and not so much a grammatical one, one exception is the addition of grammatical gender in some eastern dialects. Many dialects share features with Sadhu bhasha, which was the written standard until the 19th century. Comparison of Bengali dialects gives us an idea about archaic forms of the language as well.

During standardisation of Bengali in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the cultural elite were mostly from the regions of Dhaka, Kolkata, Hooghly, Howrah, 24 Parganas, Nadia and Kushtia. What is accepted as the standard form today in both West Bengal and Bangladesh is based on the West-Central dialect. While the language has been standardised today through two centuries of education and media, variation is widespread, with many speakers familiar with or fluent in both their socio-geographical variety as well as the standard dialect used in the media.

Dialectal differences in Bengali manifest themselves in three forms: standardized dialect vs. regional dialect, literary language vs. colloquial language, and lexical (vocabulary) variations. The name of the dialects generally originates from the district where the language is spoken.

While the standard form of the language does not show much variation across the Bengali-speaking areas of South Asia, regional variation in spoken Bengali constitutes a dialect continuum. Mostly speech varies across distances of just a few miles and takes distinct forms among religious communities. Bengali Hindus tend to speak in Sanskritised Bengali (a remnant of the Sadhu bhasha), Bengali Muslims comparatively use more Perso-Arabic vocabulary and Bengali Christians converse in Christian Bengali when engaging in their own circles. Apart from the present dialects, there are a few more that have disappeared. For example, Sātagāiyã' (this is the name used in East Bengal for the dialect of the Southwestern Rarh region). The present dialects of Bengali are listed below with an example sentence meaning:

English translation: "A man had two sons." (M=male indicated i.e. A man had two sons, P= person indicated, without gender, i.e. A person had two sons)

This dialect is mainly spoken in the districts of North Bengal. The dialects of the North do not have contrastive nasal vowels, tend to conserve the h-word medially, often go through l-n and n-l transitions, often in nouns, and are the only dialects where æ can be found word terminally.

Rajshahi: æk jon mansher duita bæṭa/chhawal chhilo. (P)

Naogaon: ek zoner duta bæṭa/soyel silo. (P)

Natore: æk jon manusher duta beṭa/chhowal chhilo. (P)

Sapahar: ek zun manushir duta beṭa/sowal silo. (P)

South Dinajpur: ek zoner duta beṭa/chhobal chhilo. (P)

Pabna : æk zôn mansher duiḍa bæt̹a/sawal silo. (P)

Sirajganj : æk zon mainsher duido bæṭa/sol silo. (P)

Ishwardi: æk zon mainser duidi beta/sol silo. (P)

Kazipur: ek jhon manusar duita sol silo. (P)

Tarash: æk jhon manuser duta sol asilo. (P)

Malda: æk jhon manuser duiṭa bæṭa/chhawal chhilô. (P)

Chapai Nawabganj: æk jhon mainsher duta bæṭa/chhawal achhilô. (P)

Raiganj: ek jhon manusar duto beṭa/chhowal chhilo. (P)

Shershabadia: æk jhon bektir duiṭi bæṭa/sawal sil. (P)

Sahebganj: ek zon bektir duta beṭa silo. (P)

Bogra: æk jhoner dui bæṭa/chhoil achhilo. (P)

Joypurhat: æk zon mansher duikona bæta/sawal/sol silo. (P)

Hakimpur: æk jhon duia bæṭa/chhoil achhilo. (P)

Dhamoirhat: æk zoin duia beṭa/sawol asilo. (P)

Gobindaganj: æk bektir duta bæta/sol asilo. (P)

Berhampore: kuno loker duţo sele silo. (M)

Murshidabad: kono loker duţa sele/sobal silo. (P)

Jangipur: kono ek lokar duiţa sôwal asilô. (P)

Kandi: kono bektir duţo chhoval achhilô. (P)

Domkol: kono manushir duta chheile/chhaowal chhilo. (P)

East Purnia (Siripuria): æk jhonar dui chhawal chhil. (P)

Dinajpur (Dinajpur Sadar Upazila and border regions): æk zôn mansher dui bæṭa/chhawal chhilo. (P)

These dialects are mostly spoken in and around the Bhagirathi River basin, in Central West Bengal and Southwestern Bangladesh . The standard form of the colloquial language (Choltibhasha) has developed out of the Nadia-Kushtia dialect.

Nadia-Kushtia: ækta loker duţi chhele chhilo. (M)

Meherpur: æk mansher duđi seile silo. (M)

Chuadanga : æk jon lokir duiţo seile silo. (M)

Ranaghat: æk joner duta chheile chhilô. (M)

Kalyani: æk jon loker duţo seile silo. (M)

Kolkata: æk jon loker duţo chhele chhilo. (M)

Kolkata (Women's dialect): æk joner dui chhele chhelo. (P)

Howrah: æk loker duţi chhele chhilo. (M)

Howrah (Women's dialect): æk loker duţi chhele chhilo. (M)

Hooghly: æk manusher duţi putro chhilo. (M)

Ghatal: æk loker duiţi putro chhilo. (M)

Bardhaman: æk luker duiţi putro chhilo. (M)

Bishnupur: æk lokar duiţa putro chhilo. (M)

Memari: æk luker duiţo putro silo. (M)

Kalna: æk lôker duţa puṭro chhelô. (M)

Katwa: kono loker duţi chhele chhilo. (M)

Mymensingh: æk zôner dui put asil. (P)

Tangail: æk zôner duiđi pola/chhera asil. (P)

Kishoreganj: æk zôn bektir duiđi put asil. (P)

Jamalpur: æk jonar duiđa pola/chhera asil. (P)

Netrokona: æk zôn bedar duida pola/chhera asilo. (P)

Sherpur: æk jonar duda pua/chhera asil. (P)

Bhaluka-Trishal: æk zôner duida pula asil. (P)

Madhupur: ek zon mainsor duida chhera asilô. (P)

Manikganj: æk zoner duiđi saoal asilo. (P)

Dhaka-Bikrampur: æk zôner duiđa pola/chhera asilo. (P)

Old Dhaka: æk betar duiđa pua/chhera asilo. (M)

Savar: æk beđar duida fula/chhera asilo. (M)

Narayanganj-Sonargaon: æk betar duita pua/chhera asil. (M)

Gazipur: ækka bedar duida pula/chhera asilo. (M)

Dohar: æk loker duida pula asilo. (P)

Dhamrai: æk beđar dua pula asil. (M)

Nawabganj: æk zôn bektir dua fula asil. (P)

Narsingdi: æk zôner duida chhera asilo. (P)

Comilla: æk bæđar dui put/pula asilo. (M)

Chandpur: æk beđar dua pua asil. (M)

Laksham: æk beđđar duita pola asilo. (M)

Daudkandi: æk bedar dua pula asil. (M)

Raipura: æk manusher doa pua asil. (M)

Brahmanbaria: æk bæđar dui put aslo/asin. (M)

Brahmanbaria (alternative): æk zoner dui put aslo/asin. (P)

West Tripura: æk bæđar dui pula asilo. (M)

Bhairab: æk bæđar dui chhera asilo/asin. (M)

Austagram: æk bæđar dui put asin. (M)

Madhabpur-Lakhai: æk bæđar dui put aslo. (M)

Noakhali: oggo mainsher dugga hua/hut/hola asil. (P)

Companiganj: ogga mainshortun dugga hula asil. (P)

Begumganj: oggo mainshor duga hut asilo. (P)

Sandwip: ugga shôkser duga hola asil. (P)

Feni: ijja mainsher tun duigga hola asilo. (P)

Chhagalnaiya: ijja maincher tun duga hut/hola asil. (P)

Hatia: ugga bedar tun duga hola asil. (P)

Laxmipur: ogga mainsher tun dugga hut/hua asil. (P)

Ramganj-Chatkhil: ogga mainsher tun duga hut asil. (P)

South Tripura: igga maincher tun duga hut/hola asil. (P)

Mirsharai: egga mainshor tun duigga hut asilo. (P)

Hajiganj: igga beđar tun dua/dugga hut asilo. (P)

Chauddagram: ijjia mainchhor/bedar tun duiga hut/hola asilo. (P)

Chittagong: ækzôn tun dua fua asil. (P)

Cox's Bazar: ekzôn tun dua pua asil. (P)

Kaptai: ek zôntun dua pulapain asil. (P)

Patiya: æk jontûn dui pua asil. (P)

Moheshkhali: æk zon manushton dui pola asilo. (P)

Maungdaw: æk zon manushton dui zon pua asil. (P)

Teknaf: æk zon manushtun dui zon pua asil. (P)

Ramgarh: æk mainshortun dua pula asil. (P)

Rangamati: æk mainsher dua pua asil. (P)

Sitakunda: ekka zuntun dua pua asilo. (P)

Naikhongchhari-Alikadam: æk beđar tun dua pua asil. (P)

Bandarban: æk bedar tun duia pua asil. (P)

Khagrachhari: æk manushtun dua fua asil. (P)

Sylhet: exzôner dui fuayn asil. (P)

Sylheti alternative: exzôn manusher dui fuayn asil. (P)

Sylheti alternative: ekh betar dui fuayn asil. (M)

Habiganj: ekhan bedar dua phuayn/phut asilo. (M)

Sunamganj: exzôn mainsor dui fuayan aslo. (M)

North Tripura: ekh betar dui fuayin asil. (M)

Karimganj: ek bedar duiga fuayan asil. (M)

Cachar: ekjon manushor duita chhele aslo. (M)

Hailakandi: ekzôn manushor duida sele aslo. (M)

Jiribam: ekjon manusher duida sele asilo. (M)

East Jaintia Hills: ek mainser dui fuayan aslo. (M)

Sreemangal: exzôn beitar dui fuayn asil. (M)

Moulvibazar: exzôn bedar dua fuayin asil. (M)

Khulna: æk zon manshir dui saoal silo. (P)

Bagerhat: æk zon manshir dui sôwal silo. (P)

Mongla: ek zun manushir duga sowal asilo. (P)

Koyra æk bektir dua sowal silo. (P)

Jessore: æk zoner duţo sol silo. (P)

Jhenaidaha: æk jon manusher duţa sol asilo. (P)

Magura: æk junar duţo sol silo. (P)

Bangaon: æk bektir duiţa sol/put achhilo. (P)

Kashiani: æk joner duta soal asilo. (P)

Narail: æk jon loker duita souwal asilo. (P)

Barisal: æk zon mainser duida pula asilo. (P)

Jhalokathi: æk manshor dua pula asilo. (P)

Pirojpur: ek mainshor duga pola asil. (P)

Barguna: ek loker duiga pula asilo. (P)

Bhola: æk zôn mainsher duita sowal asilo. (P)

Manpura: æk zôntun duta sowal asilo. (P)

Bakerganj: æk zon mansher duida pola asilo. (P)

Patuakhali: æk loker dugga pola asilo. (P)

Gopalganj: æk bedar dua pula asilo. (P)

Bhedarganj: æk bedar duo sowal asilo. (P)

Morrelganj: ek manusher duikka sawal asilo. (P)

Sharankhola: æk manshor duga pola asil. (P)

Faridpur: æk zon mansher dui pola silo. (P)

Bhanga: æk zon manshor dui pola silo. (P)

Muksudpur: æk jon manusher dua pula asilo. (P)

Madaripur: æk zôn manusher doa saoal asilo. (P)

Shariatpur: æk zôn mainsher doa sowal asil. (P)

Rajbari: æk jon manusher dua chhowal/chheile achhilô. (P)

Satkhira: æk loker duidi chhabal chhyalo. (P)

Shyamnagar: æk loker duidda chhawal achhiyalo. (P)

Barasat: æk lokar duiţa chhawal/puṭro chhyalo. (P)

Barrackpore: æk loker duiti puṭro chiyalo. (P)

Baruipur: ek lokkar duita beta chhyilo. (P)

Canning: ek lokar duta beta siyalo. (P)

Diamond Harbour: æk loker duiti puṭro asyalo. (P)

Basirhat: æk bektir duida puṭro achhiyalo. (P)

Goalpara: æk zônkar dui bæṭa asil. (P)

Dhubri: æk jônker do bæda asil. (P)

Kokrajhar: æk jonaker duo bæta asil. (P)

Bongaigaon: æk zhônekar dua beda asilo. (P)

Barpeta: æk zhôner duo beda silo. (P)

Rangpur: ækzôn mansher duikna bæṭa asin. (P)

Islampur: ækjôn manusher duinka putro silô. (P)

Nilphamari-Saidpur: ækzôn mansher duika chhera asil. (P)

Kurigram: ekka mansher duikka chhera asilôl. (P)

South Salmara-Mankachar: ækka manuser duika chhera asilô. (P)

Parbatipur-Thakurgaon: ækka manuser duinka bæṭa silô. (P)

Gaibandha: ek manusher duinkka chhera asilô. (P)

Jalpaiguri: æk jhônkar dui jhon bæṭa achhil. (P)

Cooch Behar: æk jôna mansir dui kona bæṭa achhil. (P)

Lalmonirhat: æka zôna duta beta asil. (P)

Alipurduar:: ækka zhôna duto beṭa silo. (P)

Panchagarh: ækka jhônakar du bæṭa asilô. (P)

Siliguri: ekka zônker do beṭa asil. (P)

Darjeeling (Terai): æk jhônkar duiṭa bæṭa chhilo. (P)

This dialect is spoken in the area which is known as Manbhum and its neighbouring districts.

Medinipur: gote loker duiṭa toka thilo. (M)

Contai: gode lokar duiṭa toka thil. (M)

Jhargram: gode loker duţo toka thilo. (M)

Kharagpur: gode bektir duta beta thilo. (M)

Bankura: ækka bektir duta toka silo. (M)

Tamluk: æk bektir duiţi po chhilo. (P)

West Bardhaman: kono loker duiṭi chhele chhilo. (M)

Kakdwip: goda loker duita toka asilo. (M)

Sagar: goda bektir duta toka asilo. (M)

Manbhumi/Purulia: æk loker duṭa beṭa chhilô. (M)

Santhal Parganas: ek lukkar doṭa puṭro chhilô. (P)

Birbhum: æk luker doṭa puṭro silô. (P)

Ranchi: æk loker du beṭa rahe. (M)

Dhalbhum-East Singhbhum: æk loker duṭa chha chhilo. (M)

Mayurbhanj: akṭa loker duṭa beṭa chhilo. (M)

The latter two, along with Kharia Thar and Mal Paharia, are closely related to Western Bengali dialects, but are typically classified as separate languages. Similarly, Rajbanshi language (Nepal) and Hajong are considered separate languages, although they are very similar to North Bengali dialects. There are many more minor dialects as well, including those spoken in the bordering districts of Purnea and Singhbhum and among the tribals of eastern Bangladesh like the Hajong and the Chakma.

This category is for dialects, mostly restricted to certain communities instead of a region, as well as closely related languages. Dobhashi was a highly Perso-Arabised dialect, that started developing during the Bengal Sultanate period. The sadhu bhasha was a historical Sanskritised register of Bengali. Examples of heavily Sanskritised Bengali include the Jana Gana Mana.

Dobhashi: "æk shakhser dui awlad chhilô." (এক শাখ্সের দুই আওলাদ ছিল।) (ايك شخصير دوئي أولاد چھیل۔) (M)

Sadhu bhasha: "kono æk bektir duṭi putrô chhilô" (কোন এক ব্যক্তির দু'টি পুত্র ছিল।) (P)

Heavily Sanskritised Bengali: "æka vyaktira putradvaya aasit" (এক ব্যক্তির পুত্রদ্বয় আসীৎ।) (एक व्यक्तिर पुत्रद्वय आसीत्।)

Assamese: "ezôn manuhôr duzon putek asil" (এজন মানুহৰ দুজন পুতেক আছিল) (P)

Hajong: "ekzôn manôlôg duida pôla thakibar" (একজন মানলগ দুইদা পলা থাকিবার) (P)

Chakma: ek jônôtun diba pwa el. (P)

Kharia Thar: æhôk nôker duiţa chhaoga rôhina. (M)

Mal Paharia: æk jhỗṇỗr duiţô beţa achhlæk. (M)

Halbi: æk minis le dui pila holo. (P)

Odia: jane loka ra ḍuiṭi pua thila. (P)

Bhojpuri: ægo bekat ke ḍugo beṭa rahal. (B)

Maithili: æk admi ke ḍuṭa beṭa rahe. (M)

Rohingya: æk zon manushor dui zon fua asil. (P)

Sambalpuri: gote lokankara duiṭa pua thila. (P)

Bengali dialects include Eastern and Southeastern Bengali dialects: The Eastern dialects serve as the primary colloquial language of the Dhaka district, mixed nowadays with the standard register. In contrast to Western and Central dialects where ট [t̠] and ড [d̠] are unvoiced and voiced postalveolar stops respectively, far Eastern dialects pronounce them as apical alveolar /t/ and /d/, especially in less formal speech. These dialects also lack contrastive nasalised vowels or a distinction in র /r~ɾ/, ড়/ঢ় /ɽ/, pronouncing them mostly as /ɹ/, although some speakers may realise র /r~ɾ/ when occurring before a consonant or prosodic break. This is also true of the Sylheti dialect, which has a lot in common with the Kamrupi dialect of Assam in particular, and is sometimes considered a separate language. The Eastern dialects extend into Southeastern dialects, which include parts of Chittagong. The Chittagonian dialect has Tibeto-Burman influences.

In the dialects prevalent in much of eastern and south-eastern Bangladesh (Barisal, Chittagong, Dhaka and Sylhet Divisions), and Tripura and Barak Valley of India, many of the stops and affricates heard in the western and (south) central dialects are pronounced as fricatives. Western palato-alveolar and alveolo-palatal affricates চ [tɕ~tʃ], ছ [tɕʰ~tʃʰ], জ [dʑ~dʒ], ঝ [dʑʱ~dʒʱ] correspond to eastern চ [ts~s], ছ [s], জ [z], ঝ [z~zʱ].^[8] Note that few Perso-Arabic borrowings containing the phoneme [z] are realized as such in all dialects.

The unvocied aspirated velar stop খ [kʰ], the aspirated labial stop ফ [pʰ] and the voiced aspirated labial stop ভ [bʱ] of western-central Bengali dialects correspond to খ় [x~χ], ফ় [ɸ~f] and ভ় [b~β~v] in eastern Bengali. These pronunciations are more prevalent in the Sylheti variety of northeastern Bangladesh and south Assam, the variety spoken by most of the Bengali community in the United Kingdom. Note that phonemic transcriptions from left to right for eastern Bengali dialects indicate the realizations further eastwards. Retroflexes lose aspiration and variously remain like that or become alveolar. Breathy voiced stops lose breathiness. The voiced velar stop গ [g] can fricative to গ় [ɣ], and is mostly lost afterwards.

Many eastern Bengali dialects share phonological features with Assamese, including the debuccalisation of স, শ & ষ [ʃ] to হ [h] (but not to খ় [x]).

The influence of Tibeto-Burman languages on the phonology of eastern Bengali is seen through the lack of nasalised vowels, an alveolar articulation for the Retroflex stops ট [ʈ], ঠ [ʈʰ], ড [ɖ], and ঢ [ɖʱ], resembling the equivalent phonemes in languages such as Thai and Lao and the lack of distinction between র [ɾ] and ড়/ঢ় [ɽ]. Unlike most languages of the region, some Purbo Bengali dialects do not include the breathy voiced stops ঘ [ɡʱ], ঝ [dʒʱ], ঢ [d̠ʱ], ধ [d̪ʱ], and ভ [bʱ]. Some variants of Bengali, particularly Chittagonian and Chakma Bengali, have contrastive tone; differences in the pitch of the speaker's voice can distinguish words. In dialects such as Hajong of northern Bangladesh, there is a distinction between উ and ঊ, the first corresponding exactly to its standard counterpart but the latter corresponding to the Japanese [ü͍] sound listen^ⓘ. There is also a distinction between ই and ঈ in many northern Bangladeshi dialects. ই representing the [ɪ] sound whereas ঈ represents an [i].

English	Standard Bengali	Khulnaiya	Medinipuri	Barishali	Old Dhakaiya	Faridpuri	Varendri	Mymensinghi	Rarhi	Noakhali	Chittagonian	Sylheti	Rangpuri	Cumilllaiya	Brahmanbarian
will eat (first person)	khabo	khabo	khamo	khamu	khamu	khamu	Khabo/khamõ	khamu/khaibam	khabo	khaiyum	haiyyum	xaimu	khaim	khaiyam	khamu
Taka	ṭaka	ṭa(h)a	ṭeka	ṭaha	ṭæka	ṭaha	ṭæka	ṭæha	ṭaka	ṭĩa	ṭĩa	ṭexa	ṭeka	ṭeha	ṭeha
Dhaka	ḍhaka	ḍaha	ḍhaka	ḍaha	ḍaka	ḍhaha	ḍhaka	ḍaha	ḍhaka	ḍhaka	ḍhaha	ḍaxa	ḍhaka	ḍaha	ḍaha

English	Assamese	Odia	Sambalpuri	Rohingya	Bhojpuri	Maithili	Halbi
will eat (first person)	kham	khaibi	khaimi	khayyum	khaib	kha leb	khawan
taka	tôka	ṭankā	ṭankā	ṭia	ṭaka	ṭaka	ṭaka
dhaka	dhaka	ḍhaka	ḍhaka	ḍaka	ḍhaka	ḍhaka	ḍhaka

• Bengali vocabulary
• Bengali phonology

• Ahsan, Syed Ali (2000), বাংলা একাডেমী বাংলাদেশের আঞ্চলিক ভাষার অভিধান, Bangla Academy, Dhaka, ISBN 984-07-4038-5
• Haldar, Gopal (2000), Languages of India, National Book Trust, India, ISBN 81-237-2936-7

• Book – Bengali and Other Related Dialects of South Assam