Terminalia catappa
L.
Java almond, Coastal almond
(c) Michael Davidson, some rights reserved (CC BY-NC), uploaded by Michael Davidson
(c) Darren Obbard, some rights reserved (CC BY)
(c) 106611639464075912591, some rights reserved (CC BY-NC-SA), uploaded by 106611639464075912591
What to Eat
Edible parts: Kernel, Nuts, Nuts-oil, Fruit
The almond-flavoured seeds can be eaten raw or roasted, and chopped into cookies, bread mixes, dessert fillings, sweets, soups and stews. Each seed is 3–4cm long and 3–5mm thick, enclosed in a thick shell that is difficult to crack. The seeds are a rich source of zinc and contain about 50% oil. They yield 38–54% of a colourless, bland-tasting yellow semi-drying oil used for cooking, similar to almond oil but less prone to going rancid. The fruits have a tender skin with a thin layer of subacid juicy flesh that is often fibrous and not particularly tasty despite its pleasant smell. The sweetish, fibrous flesh is palatable when very young and is generally liked by children.
Known Hazards
Where to Find It
A tropical plant. This tree occurs on the beach front in most tropical countries in the world. They are sometimes cultivated as a shade tree. The tree is common in lowland areas particularly on sandy or rocky beaches. Seeds are spread by both bats and sea water as well as being planted by people. Trees are common along streets in coastal towns. It is highly salt tolerant, They will grow from sea level up to about 800 m altitude. In PNG it is mostly below 300 m altitude. It can grow with a soil pH of 4.0-8.5. Plants are frost tender. They can tolerate drought. It grows in areas with a temperature range of 17-32°C. It suits hardiness zones 11-12.
Afghanistan, Africa, American Samoa, Andamans, Angola, Anguilla, Antigua & Barbuda, Asia, Australia, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Bougainville, Brazil, British Indian Ocean Terr., BIOT, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Caribbean, Caroline Islands, Cayman Islands, Central Africa, Central America, China, Christmas Island, Chuuk, Colombia, Congo DR, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Cuba, Dominican Republic, East Africa, East Timor, Ecuador, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, FSM, French Guiana, French Polynesia, Gabon, Ghana, Grenada, Guam, Guiana, Guianas, Guyana, Haiti, Hawaii, Honduras, India, Indochina, Indonesia*, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kosrae, Laos, Lesser Antilles, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mariana Islands, Marquesas, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, Micronesia, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nauru, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, New Caledonia, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, North America, Northeastern India, Pacific, Pakistan, Palau, Papua New Guinea, PNG, Peru, Philippines, Pohnpei, Polynesia, Puerto Rico, Rotuma, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, SE Asia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Society Islands, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South America, Sri Lanka, St. Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Sudan, Suriname, Tahiti, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tokelau, Tonga, Torres Strait, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, UAE, USA, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Virgin Islands, Wallis & Futuna, West Africa, West Indies, Yap,
How to Identify
A large tree up to 25-40 m tall. It loses its leaves during the year. The trunk can be straight or twisted. There can be buttresses up to 3 m tall. The branches lie horizontally and come out in layers. The leaves are long, smooth and shiny with an abrupt point at the tip and a rounded base. Leaves tend to be near the ends of branches. Leaves can be 17-29 cm long and 10-15 cm wide. Young leaves have soft hairs. The leaves turn red and fall off twice a year. Flowers are greenish white and in a spike at the end of the branches. The lower flowers on a spike are female, then the others are male. The fruit is about 6 cm long by 3-4 cm wide, thick and flattened with a flange around the edge. The fruit are green and turn red when ripe. The pulp is edible.
Nutrition Score: 71/100
| Part | Moisture | kJ | kcal | Protein | Vit A | Vit C | Iron | Zinc |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nuts dried | 4.2 | 2987 | 715 | 20 | 0 | 2 | 6.3 | 41 |
| Nuts | 31 | 1810 | 433 | 15.9 | 0 | 4 | 4.6 | 4.9 |
How to Grow
Plants grow best in the lowland tropics at elevations below 800 metres. It grows best in areas where the mean maximum and minimum annual temperatures are within the range 21 - 32°c, though it can tolerate 10 - 36°c. It prefers a mean annual rainfall in the range 1,500 - 3,400mm, though can tolerate from 700 - 4,200mm. Succeeds in any moderately fertile, well-drained soil in a sunny position. Prefers sands and loamy sands, though it also does well on silts, loam, and even clays if the drainage is good. Tolerates saline soils. Prefers soil that are neutral to moderately alkaline and rich in bases, however it will also grow in strongly acid soils. A particularly useful plant for coastal gardens, being tolerant of salt spray. Established plants are drought tolerant. Prefers a pH in the range 5 - 7, but tolerates 4.3 - 8. Plants are fast growing, often in excess of 1 metre a year when young. Trees can yield two crops a year in some areas, and in places have been known to exhibit more or less continuous fruiting. A tree may yield around 5 kg of kernels per year. There has been some selection in cultivating forms with larger seeds. The tree sheds its leaves all at once, quite suddenly, usually twice a year (January or February and July or August). Unlike most tropical trees, the leaves turn first yellow, then vivid red before falling, giving a well-marked 'autumn colour'. The inconspicuous flowers have a sweet, delicate fragrance. Various species of biting and stinging ants have been found inhabiting hollow twigs on this tree. Flowering Time: Late Winter/Early Spring Mid Spring Late Spring/Early Summer Mid Summer Late Summer/Early Fall. Bloom Color: Cream/Tan Inconspicuous/none (white). Spacing: 15-20 ft. (4.7-6 m).
Propagation: Pre-soak seed in cold water for 24 hours before sowing. About 70% of ripe seeds germinate in approximately 20 days. Seeds remain viable for a long time and germinate readily, even after travelling long distances in water.
Medicinal Uses
Various parts of the tree, including the leaves and fruit, contain tannins and are astringent. The leaves, crushed together with Dacrydium elatum and rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus, are combined to treat dysentery. Red leaves act as a vermifuge, while the sap of young leaves cooked with oil from the kernel is used to treat leprosy. Leaf juice is ingested for coughs, and an infusion of the leaves is used to treat jaundice and indigestion. Young leaves are used for headaches and colic. Externally, leaves may be rubbed on breasts to relieve pain, or applied when heated to numb areas of the body. They can be used as a dressing for swollen rheumatic joints and, when applied to the head and sides, are considered refreshing and sudorific. Leaves, bark and fruit are used to treat yaws. Bark and root bark are used for bilious fever, diarrhoea, thrush, and as a remedy for sores and abscesses. Fluid from the bark treats diabetes and is taken as a tonic. An infusion of the bark is used for stomach ache and as an emetic for infants. Externally, bark is applied to sores, pimples and fungal skin diseases. The kernel of the fruit mixed with beeswax stops putrid exudation and bloody faeces, and is recommended as a mild laxative and galactagogue for women, though too frequent use causes diarrhoea.
Other Uses
The tree's extensive root system binds sandy and poor soils, and its heavy leaf fall provides good mulch for soil protection. It is a promising species for reforesting sandy areas and can help eradicate Imperata cylindrica and other aggressive grasses. The trunk yields a gum. Seed oil is used for soap making, though industrial use is limited by difficulty in extracting the kernel. Bark, leaves, roots and fruit are all important sources of tannin; the astringent bark contains 9–23% tannin and is used in leather preparation and as a base for inks, with roots and fruits sometimes used for the same purposes. A black dye used for making ink is extracted from the bark and fruit. The leaves yield a yellow-green dye, and the trunk yields both yellow and black dyes; wood chips soaked in water also give a yellow colour. The heartwood ranges from light to dark brown or reddish-brown, often with irregular lighter and darker belts, not clearly distinct from the lighter sapwood. The texture is fine to coarse with a crossed, often curly and twisted grain. The wood is moderately hard, moderately heavy, strong and pliable, somewhat durable but very susceptible to termite damage. It seasons well and works easily. It is used for cabinetwork, furniture, buildings, boats, bridges, floors, panelling, boxes, crates, planks, carts, wheelbarrows, barrels and water troughs.
Wikipedia
Source ↗Terminalia catappa is a large tropical tree in the leadwood tree family, Combretaceae, native to Asia, Australia, the Pacific, Madagascar and Seychelles. Common names in English include country almond, Indian almond, Malabar almond, sea almond, tropical almond, beach almond and false kamani. The species epithet is based on its Malay name ketapang.
Production
It is fast growing. Nut production is seasonal.
Other Information
In coastal areas of Papua New Guinea trees are common and the nuts are popular. The nuts are especially eaten by children. It is cultivated.
Notes
There are about 200-250 Terminalia species. They are tropical. The kernel is 55% oil.
Names & Synonyms
Aas, Aasaas, Amiaka, 'aua, Adamarram, Ai-kalesi, Alita, Alite, Almendro, Almendro de las indias, Amandel, Amans, Antafana, Arete, Arite, Arjun, As, Asas, Autera'a, Badam, Badamier, Badan, Badamuchettu, Banda, Bang, Bangla-badam, Beydaan, Catappa, Chambak barang, Cham bak baraing, Coastal almond, Dalisai, Demerara, Deshi badam, Deshibadam, Dipwoapw, Fetau, Gil, Gobu gas, Gul, Grahadruma, Harman, Hu-kwang, Indian-almond, Janglibadam, Kadoru, Kal, Kalihu, Kalisai, Kamani haole, Kamani, Kariking, Kasas, Kathbadam, Kauariki, Kauriki, Kel, Ker, Ketapang, Koa'i'i, Kodal, Kotal, Kotamba, Kotang, Kotol, Kottai, Kungu, Kunikuni, Lenga, Lingtak, Loz-hindi, Madame, Madhu gas, Mai'i, Malabar almond, Meke, Merkai, Midhili, Miich, Mkungu, Myrobalan, Naklise, Natapoa, Nativi, Natvadom, Nyia nyingaa, Oko, Otochel, Salisa, Sea almond, Selie, Sif, Srifacf, Ta pang, Tafoa, Talasai, Talia suka, Talie, Talima, Talisai, Talisai, Talisay, Talise, Talisi, Tamanu, Tangie, Taraire, Tatalise, Talisai, Tavoa, Tavola lato, Tavola, Tavola tivi, Te kunikun, Telie, Telis, Tepop, Tipop, Towo, Tropical almond, Vedam, White bombway, Yalisai, Zamann
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