Zea mays
L.
Corn, Maize
(c) Ken, some rights reserved (CC BY-NC), uploaded by Ken
(c) Douglas Goldman, some rights reserved (CC BY-SA), uploaded by Douglas Goldman
(c) Diogo Luiz, some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by Diogo Luiz
What to Eat
Edible parts: Seeds, Leaves, Cereal, Flowers, Vegetable
Corn is one of the most widely grown food plants in the world. The seed can be eaten raw or cooked before fully ripe; sweet corn varieties have been developed specifically for this purpose and have particularly sweet, flavoursome seeds. Mature seed can be dried and used whole or ground into flour — it has a mild flavour and is especially valued as a thickening agent in foods such as custards. Starch extracted from the grain is used in confectionery and noodles. Certain varieties can be oven-heated to make popcorn. The seed can also be sprouted for use in uncooked breads and cereals. The fresh succulent silks — the flowering parts of the cob — are edible. An edible all-purpose culinary oil is obtained from the seed and used in salads and for cooking. Pollen, which is rich in protein, is used as a soup ingredient; it is harvested by tapping the flowering heads over a bowl, and collecting the pollen also helps improve seed fertilisation. The roasted seed serves as a coffee substitute. The pith of the stem can be chewed like sugar cane and is sometimes made into a syrup. Nutritional composition per 100g of fresh seed: 361 calories; water 10.6%; protein 9.4g; fat 4.3g; carbohydrate 74.4g; fibre 1.8g; ash 1.3g; calcium 9mg; phosphorus 290mg; iron 2.5mg; vitamin A 140mg; thiamine (B1) 0.43mg; riboflavin (B2) 0.1mg; niacin 1.9mg.
Where to Find It
A warm temperate plant. Seeds need a soil temperature more than 10°C to germinate. The best temperature is 21-26°C. It grows best at less than 1800 m altitude in the equatorial tropics. It is grown in most areas of Asia. Plants have been grown from sea level to 3,300 m in the Americas. It tends to be in areas too dry for rice but wetter than for millets. Maize must have over 120 days frost free. In Nepal it grows up to 3000 m altitude. It suits hardiness zones 8-10. In Yunnan.
Africa, Albania, Algeria, Andes, Andorra, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Arabia, Argentina, Armenia, Asia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Balkans, Bangladesh, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Bougainville, Brazil, Britain, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Caucasus, Central Africa, Central African Republic, CAR, Central America, Central Asia, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo DR, Congo R, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, East Africa, East Timor, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Europe, Fiji, Finland, France, French Guiana, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guam, Guatemala, Guiana, Guianas, Guinea, Guinée, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Hawaii, Himalayas, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indochina, Indonesia, Iran, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Liberia, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mediterranean, Mexico*, Middle East, Moldova, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, North Africa, North America, Northeastern India, Pacific, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, PNG, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Rotuma, Rwanda, Russia, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Scandinavia, SE Asia, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Sikkim, Slovenia, Somalia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Southern Africa, South America, South Sudan, Spain, Sri Lanka, St. Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St. Vincent and Grenadines, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Tasmania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Togo, Turkey, Türkiye, Turks & Caicos, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, USA, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Wallis & Futuna, West Africa, West Indies, West Timor, Zambia, Zimbabwe,
How to Identify
A grass. It is an annual plant 2-3 m high. It has a single stem. The stem is solid. It can be 2-3 cm across. Usually there are 14 internodes but this can vary from 8-21. It is a large grass family plant with prop roots near the base. Some forms produce tillers near the base. Seed roots feed the plant initially then casual side roots develop from the lowest node on the plant and continue supplying the plants nutrients. Roots can go sideways for 1 m or downwards for 2-3 m. It is a very variable plant and due to cross pollination variation continues and all forms hybridize. Leaves are produce one after another along opposite sides of the stem and there are between 8 and 21 leaves. The leaf sheath wraps around the stem but opens towards the top of the sheath. The leaf blade is 30-150 cm long and 5-15 cm wide. The leaf blade has a pronounced midrib and is often wavy along the edge. The male flower or tassel is at the top. The female flower is called the ear. It is on a short stalk in the axils of one of the largest leaves about half way down the stem. In the axils of the leaves it produces a large cob wrapped in leaves. The kernels develop in an even number of rows carrying 4-30 grains along the length of the cob. Cobs commonly have 300-1,000 grains. Normally only one or two cobs develop per plant. The seed endosperm is soft in dent types, hard in flint and popcorn types and have more sugar in sweet types.
Nutrition Score: 68/100
| Part | Moisture | kJ | kcal | Protein | Vit A | Vit C | Iron | Zinc |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seeds (mature) | 10.4 | 1528 | 366 | 10 | 100 | 4 | 4.9 | — |
How to Grow
Requires a warm position a well drained soil and ample moisture in the growing season. Prefers a pH in the range 5.5 to 6.8. Requires a rich soil if it is to do well. Corn is widely cultivated for its edible seed, especially in tropical and warm temperate zones of the world, there are many named varieties. Unfortunately, the plant is not frost tolerant and so needs to be started off under glass in Britain if a reasonable crop is to be grown. There are five main types:- Sweetcorn is of fairly recent development. It has very sweet, soft-skinned grains that can be eaten raw or cooked before they are fully ripe. Cultivars have been developed that can produce a worthwhile crop even in the more northerly latitudes of Britain if a suitable warm sunny sheltered site is chosen[238, K. Popcorn is a primitive form with hard-skinned grains. When roasted, these grains 'explode' to form the popular snack 'popcorn'. Waxy corn is used mainly in the Far East. It has a tapioca-like starch. Flint corn, which shrinks on drying, can have white, yellow, purple, red or blue-black grains. It is not so sweet and also takes longer to mature so is a problematic crop in Britain. There are many other uses for this plant as detailed below. Dent corn has mostly white to yellow grains. This and Flint corn are widely grown for oils, cornflour, cereals and silage crops. Corn grows well with early potatoes, legumes, dill, cucurbits and sunflowers, it dislikes growing with tomatoes. In garden design, as well as the above-ground architecture of a plant, root structure considerations help in choosing plants that work together for their optimal soil requirements including nutrients and water.
Propagation: Sow seed in April in individual pots in a greenhouse, grow on quickly, and plant out after the last expected frosts. A direct outdoor sowing — particularly of less sweet varieties — can be attempted in May.
Medicinal Uses
A decoction of the leaves and roots is used in the treatment of strangury, dysuria, and gravel. The corn silks are cholagogue, demulcent, diuretic, lithontripic, mildly stimulant, and vasodilator. They also lower blood sugar levels and are used in treating diabetes mellitus, as well as cystitis, gonorrhoea, and gout. The silks are best harvested before pollination and used fresh, as they tend to lose their diuretic effect when stored and can become purgative. A decoction of the cob is used in the treatment of nosebleeds and menorrhagia. The seed is diuretic and mildly stimulant, and makes a good emollient poultice for ulcers, swellings, and rheumatic pains. It is widely used in the treatment of cancer, tumours, and warts, and contains allantoin — a cell-proliferant and wound-healing substance also found in comfrey (Symphytum officinale) — which speeds the healing process. The plant is said to have anticancer properties and is experimentally hypoglycaemic and hypotensive.
Other Uses
A glue is made from the starch in the seed; this starch is also used in cosmetics and the manufacture of glucose. A semi-drying oil obtained from the seed has industrial uses in the manufacture of linoleum, paints, varnishes, and soaps. The corn spathes are used to produce paper, straw hats, and small woven articles such as baskets. Fibre from the stems and seed husks is also used for papermaking: harvested in late summer after the seed, cut into usable pieces, soaked in clear water for 24 hours, cooked for 2 hours in soda ash, then beaten in a ball mill for 1½ hours. The resulting fibres produce a light greenish-cream paper. Care should be taken not to overcook the fibre, as this produces a sticky pulp that is very difficult to form into paper. Dried cobs are used as fuel. The pith of the stems is used as a packing material.
Wikipedia
Source ↗Annual reaching 2 m tall, growing at fast rate. Hardy to UK zone 3 but frost tender. Flowers July to October with seeds ripening September to October. Monoecious with wind pollination. Tolerates light sandy, medium loamy, and heavy clay soils with good drainage. Grows in mildly acidic to neutral soils. Requires full sun and prefers moist soil.
Production
In warm moist soil seeds geminate in 2-3 days after planting. Cobs are harvested when the grains are full and the tassel is just starting to turn brown. This is normally about 50 days after fertilisation. It is sweetest eaten soon after harvesting. Drought and unfavourable weather can result in the silks of the female flowers emerging after the pollen has been shed. This results in poorly pollinated cobs.
Other Information
It is a commercially cultivated vegetable. Common in most areas of Papua New Guinea but never as a staple food. It is a major staple food of Central and East Africa.
Notes
There are 4 Zea species. They are annual grasses from Central America.
Names & Synonyms
Abado, Abich, Able, Abro, Aburow, Agbado, Awasi, Awi, Bada inguru, Bada iringu, Bara-jowar, Bhutta, Blefo, Bli, Buta, Cholam, Chujak, Dimariyo, Doldal, Dzhugoru, Goinjol, Gomdhan, Igbado, Iringu, Jagung, Janar, Jonar, Junri, Kaaba, Keto, Kolkoti, Kon, Kono, Kukri, Kwaliyl, Maka, Makai, Makka jonnalu, Makka-cholam, Makka, Makkai, Makkari, Makoi, Manzoo, Masara agwado, Massara, Mekkejola, Milho, Misir, Mokka-janna, Musukojola, Naham, Nyo, Oka, Oksusu, Pembea, Pyaung-bu, Saangu, Samik, Shaa, Sil ni vavalagi, Simindi, Ta-mank, Thengthe, Top, Vaimiim, Yu shu shu
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