Gnetum gnemon
L.
Tu-lip, Melimjo, Spinach Joint fir
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What to Eat
Edible parts: Leaves, Fruit, Flowers, Seeds, Nuts, Vegetable
Young leaves can be eaten raw or cooked, often steamed and served as a potherb. The seeds, which are 2–4cm long and turn scarlet to red-tinged orange when ripe, are nutritious and usually cooked — boiled and eaten as a snack like peanuts or served as a dessert nut. They have a slight bitterness. Ground seed produces a fine flour used to make thin crackers known as 'emping', which are fried in coconut oil and eaten with rice. The fruits and inflorescences are added to soups, and the peel of ripe fruit is dried and also used in soups, though it is somewhat tasteless. Sap from the stem is drinkable.
Where to Find It
A tropical plant. It suits the lowland tropics. Trees occur in tropical rainforest from sea level to about 1200 metres altitude. It does best with rainfalls of 3000-5000 mm per year. It is best with an annual temperature of 22-30°C. It needs a temperature above 13°C. These trees grow in Malaysia, Indonesia and islands out to Fiji. They can grow on a range of soils but do best on deep well drained soils. It grows well in acid soils. It can grow in full sun but also tolerate shade. It cannot tolerate salt spray. It suits hardiness zones 10-12.
Andamans, Asia, Australia, Bougainville, Cambodia, China, East Timor, Fiji, India, Indochina, Indonesia, Malaysia, Micronesia, Myanmar, Northeastern India, Pacific, Palau, Papua New Guinea, PNG, Philippines, Samoa, SE Asia*, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Vanuatu, Vietnam, West Papua,
How to Identify
A shrub or small tree about 10 m high. It can grow to 20 m high. It normally has a cone shaped crown. The bark is greyish brown. The small branches are slender and like a vine. The leaves are produced in pairs opposite each other. They are dark green and shiny, oval and pointed at both ends. The leaves are 7.5-12.5 cm long by 2.5-7.5 cm wide. Trees are either male or female. Male spikes are 3-6 cm long. They consist of 50-80 very small flowers in rings along the stalk. Flowers are produced as cones made up of rings of scales along stalks 3-6 or 12 cm long. There are 5-8 flowers at each node. Fruits are oval and green when young but red when ripe. Fruit are 2-3 cm long and contain one seed.
Nutrition Score: 78/100
| Part | Moisture | kJ | kcal | Protein | Vit A | Vit C | Iron | Zinc |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seeds | 13 | 1442 | 345 | 12 | — | — | 5 | — |
| Fruit | 72.6 | 385 | 92 | 5.2 | — | 2.9 | 15.6 | 11.8 |
| Leaves | 66 | 378 | 90 | 5.9 | 3700 | 200 | 2.7 | — |
| Leaves | 88 | 147 | 35 | 1.6 | 2220 | 66 | 1.6 | 0.2 |
How to Grow
Trees are grown from seed. For using as seed for growing, a fully ripe red fruit is needed. Seeds exhibit a natural dormancy due to a hard impermeable seed coat. Breaking this seed coat can normally hasten germination. This is done by boring a hole into the seed. Propagation can be naturally by seeds distributed by birds, by planting seeds or by cuttings. A spacing of 6 m is suitable although in rows they are often put more closely. Trees appear to establish in the forest under-storey indicating some shade tolerance. Trees recover readily from pruning. Coppicing can produce a rapid flush of new leaves. Flushes of new leaves tends to occur seasonally. Trees can be topped to keep them shorter. If plants are grown by air layering they are shorter and more compact.
Propagation: Seed is best sown in situ. Daily watering of the sand and seed mixture can hasten germination, possibly to three months. Without pre-germination treatment, germination may be only 1–2% at six months but can reach 100% at twelve months. Other propagation methods include air layering, short cuttings taken beneath a node, budding, and grafting.
Medicinal Uses
The leaf sap is used medicinally to treat an eye complication.
Other Uses
The bast fibres provide durable cordage for fishing nets, lines, string bags, and other tools, and the bark has potential for rope making. Wood smoke and topical applications reduced biting by anopheline mosquitoes by 79% and 51%, respectively. Enzyme inhibition in the plant also prevents insect predation of foliage. The wood is used for pulp, house construction, paper, and boxes. The fruit attracts wild birds and bats. The tree is suitable for dryland rehabilitation and reforestation, tolerating annual rainfall of 750–1,000mm, and is intercropped with species such as Arctocarpus camansi, Pandanus spp., Durio spp., Nephelium lappaceum (rambutan), and Parkia sp.
Wikipedia
Source ↗Gnetum gnemon is a gymnosperm species of Gnetum. Its native area spans from Mizoram and Assam in India down south through Malay Peninsula, Malay Archipelago and the Philippines in southeast Asia to the western Pacific islands. Common names include gnetum, joint fir, two leaf, melinjo/belinjo (Indonesian), bago/lumbay (Filipino), hanthu (Karbi) and tulip (Tok Pisin).
Production
Trees grow by flushes of young reddish leaves. Flowers are produced throughout the year. Trees grown from seed take 5-8 years to bear fruit. Air layered trees produce fruit in 2-3 years. Leaves are harvested when fully expanded but still soft and succulent. The fruit are harvested when the skin turns red. Trees can produce 20,000 fruit per year or 6-7 kg. Yields of up to 80-100 kg per tree per year have been achieved.
Other Information
It is a commercially cultivated vegetable. A particularly well liked edible green leaf occurring in almost all lowland areas of Papua New Guinea either cultivated or wild. Leaves are sold in local markets. Nuts are sold locally and internationally.
Notes
In Slovenia presumably in a hot house. The nut contains, per 100 g edible portion, 30% moisture, 9-11% protein, 1.6-1.8% fat, 47.6-50.4% starch and 277 cal food energy. The young leaves containing, per 100 g, 71% moisture, 104 cal food energy, 7.4% protein, 2% fat, 19.4% total carbohydrates, 11.9% fibre, 44 mg calcium, 15 mg phosphorus, 1680 I.U. vitamin A and 121 mg vitamin C. There are about 28 Gnetum species. Demo
Names & Synonyms
Ambiam, Annel, Asisang, Bago, Bagor, Bagu, Banago, Belingar, Belingo, Belinjau, Belinjo, Dae fasia, Dae malefo, Dae, Daefasia, Daemalefo, Daun dodah, Daun melinjo, Daun sabong, Eso, Gam cay bet, Gnemo, Guan zhuang mai ma teng, Hagenamu, Hanthu, Hawa, Houka, Hyinbyin, Hyingyin, Kegalu, Kekoso, Keigi, Khlow, Ki tangkil, Kopaiyo, Kusalu, Lenge, Leqe, Liang, Lota badam, Maninjau, Melindjo, Melinjau, Meninjau, Mhalivo, Molingu, Nyia nwasoli, Pee sae, Peesae, Pelh, Phak kariang, Phak miang, Phalap ri, Poke, Rangkil sake, Sa naroka, Sabong, Sake, Sejunteh, Shangpan, Sikau, So, Sokak, Suagafa, Suga, Sukau, Tanyin-ywe, Trangkil, Two leaf, Voe Khlaet, Wanso, Wansu, Wasu, Xian zhou mai ma teng, Yabare
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