Capsicum annuum
L.
Capsicum
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(c) Miguel Ángel Serrano, some rights reserved (CC BY-NC), uploaded by Miguel Ángel Serrano
What to Eat
Edible parts: Fruit, Leaves, Herb, Spice, Vegetable
The fruit varies enormously across cultivars. Hot types — chilli and cayenne — are used as pungent flavourings, dried and ground into powders such as paprika, or used to colour food. Milder sweet pepper cultivars have a pleasant, slightly sweet flavour and are often eaten raw in salads. Fruits range widely in size and shape, from a few centimetres long to more than 30cm. Young leaves are said to be edible with some caution advised; they are steamed as a potherb or added to soups and stews, and contain about 4–6% protein. Seed can be dried and ground into a pepper. Flowers are also edible raw or cooked.
Known Hazards
Where to Find It
A tropical or subtropical plant. Plants grow from sea level up to about 2400 m altitude. They are killed by frost. Soils need to be well drained and fertile. The fruit and plants can rot in the middle of the wettest seasons. They need a temperature above 4°C. A night temperature of 16-18°C and a day temperature of 26-28°C is best. A pH of 5.4-6.9 is suitable. They suit plant hardiness zones 8-12.
Africa, Albania, Andorra, Angola, Asia, Australia, Austria, Balkans, Bangladesh, Barbados, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Brazil, British Indian Ocean Terr., BIOT, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Cape Verde, Caribbean, Caucasus, Central Africa, Central America, Central Asia, China, Colombia, Congo DR, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, East Africa, East Timor, Ecuador, Egypt, Ethiopia, Europe, Fiji, FSM, Georgia, Ghana, Grenada, Guam, Guatemala, Guiana, Guianas, Guyana, Haiti, Hawaii, Himalayas, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indochina, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Marquesas, Mediterranean, Mexico, Moldova, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nauru, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, North Africa, North America, Northeastern India, Pacific, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, PNG, Peru, Philippines, Pohnpei, Romania, Rotuma, Sahel, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, SE Asia, Serbia, Sierra Leone, Sikkim, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, Southern Africa, South America, Spain, Sri Lanka, St Helena, Suriname, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Tasmania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Turkey, Türkiye, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, Uruguay, USA, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, West Africa, West Indies, Yugoslavia, Zambia, Zimbabwe,
How to Identify
An annual plant up to 1.5 m high. The leaves can be long and sword shaped or oval to rounded. The leaves can be 12 cm long. The flowers are produced singly, and are yellow or white. They are bell shaped. The flowers are 1.5 cm across and in the axils of leaves. Fruit are about 10 cm long and 6 cm wide and red when fully ripe. They are hollow. They contain many seeds. Kinds with different shaped fruit also occur.
Nutrition Score: 40/100
| Part | Moisture | kJ | kcal | Protein | Vit A | Vit C | Iron | Zinc |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leaves | 82.1 | 222 | 53 | 5.8 | — | 68 | 1.4 | — |
| Fruit yellow raw | 92 | 113 | 27 | 1 | 24 | 183.5 | 0.5 | 0.2 |
| Fruit green raw | 93.5 | 65 | 15 | 0.9 | 59 | 100 | 0.4 | 0.2 |
| Fruit green boiled | 93.7 | 59 | 14 | 0.9 | 59 | 60 | 0.4 | 0.2 |
How to Grow
Requires a very warm sunny position and a fertile well-drained soil. Prefers a light sandy soil that is slightly acid. Tolerates a pH in the range 4.3 to 8.3. Plants can tolerate a small amount of frost, but this species does not normally do well outdoors in an average British summer and so it is usually grown in a greenhouse in this country. However, if a very warm sheltered position outdoors is chosen then reasonable crops could be obtained in good summers. This species is widely grown throughout the world, but especially in warm temperate to tropical climates, for its edible fruit - the sweet and chilli peppers. There are many named varieties. There are five basic forms of fruits, each form having various varieties. These forms are:- Cerasiforme. These have small cherry-shaped pungent fruits. Conioides. These fruits are cone-shaped and up to 5cm long. Many of them are grown as ornamentals, but some are also cultivated for food.. Fasciculatum. Also cone-shaped, but with pungent red fruits up to 7.5cm long. Grossum. These are the sweet peppers with large bell-shaped fruits and thick flesh. Longum. These are the cultivated hot cayenne and chilli peppers with long thin fruits up to 30cm long. The pungency of peppers depends upon the presence of a single gene, cultivars that lack this gene are the sweet peppers. A short-lived evergreen perennial in the tropics, though the plants are grown as annuals in temperate zones. Sweet pepper plants are good companions for basil and okra. They should not be grown near apricot trees, however, because a fungus that the pepper is prone to can cause a lot of harm to the apricot tree. In garden design, as well as the above-ground architecture of a plant, root structure considerations help in choosing plants that work together for their optimal soil requirements including nutrients and water. Peppers are usually harvested in late summer to autumn, depending on the variety and climate. Capsicum annuum typically flowers from late spring to early summer.
Propagation: Sow seed in late winter to early spring in a warm greenhouse; germination typically takes 3–4 weeks at 20°C. Prick seedlings out into individual pots of reasonably rich soil and grow on quickly. For outdoor cultivation, plant out after the last expected frosts and protect with a cloche or frame until plants are well established.
Medicinal Uses
The fruit of hot, pungent cultivars is antihaemorrhoidal when taken in small amounts, antirheumatic, antiseptic, diaphoretic, digestive, irritant, rubefacient, sialagogue, and tonic. Internally it is used in the treatment of the cold stage of fevers, debility in convalescence or old age, varicose veins, asthma, and digestive problems. Externally it is applied for sprains, unbroken chilblains, neuralgia, and pleurisy. It is also an effective sea-sickness preventative. The German Commission E Monographs approve Capsicum for muscular tension and rheumatism.
Other Uses
Sweet pepper plants grow well alongside basil and okra but should not be planted near apricot trees, as a fungus the pepper is prone to can seriously harm apricots. Pepper flowers can attract pollinators such as bees. The fruits provide food for wildlife, and seeds are eaten by some birds. Foliage can offer limited cover for beneficial insects. The strong scent of pepper plants may help deter some pests, making them useful in companion planting.
Wikipedia
Source ↗Capsicum annuum is a flowering plant in the family Solanaceae (nightshades), native to the northern regions of South America and to southwestern North America. The plant produces berries of many colors including red, green, and yellow, often with pungent taste. It is one of the oldest cultivated crops, with domestication dating back to around 6,000 years ago in regions of Mexico. The genus Capsicum has over 30 species but Capsicum annuum is the primary species in its genus, as it has been widely cultivated for human consumption for a substantial amount of time and has spread across the world. This species has many uses in culinary, medicine, self-defense, and ornamental applications.
Production
The first fruit can be harvested after 3-4 months.
Other Information
It is a cultivated food plant. In Papua New Guinea it is becoming a popular vegetable to eat raw.
Notes
There are 10 Capsicum species. The various Capsicum annuum varieties may be synonyms of Capsicum annuum. It possibly has anti-cancer properties.
Names & Synonyms
Adimaeti, Aji, Aji dulce, Aji rojo, Amashito, Bell peppers, Berbere sibira, Chilar de monte, Chile de color, Epeba, Gochu, Kamalra, Kamulali, Khursani, Laat jiu, Libokeg, Malu miris, Mermit, Milagai, Mirch, Miris, Misewe, Mixamixo, Niba, Ndungu zi mafofolo, Ngayok, Ot, Perec, Pilopilo, Pimentao, Pirpiri, Prik chee faa, Sakay, Sakay fanendy, Sakay tsilandimilahy, Tattasai, Togarashi, Tsilampin, Tsi-tra-ka
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